José Luiz Hernandes

VARIAÇÃO ESTACIONAL DA RADIAÇÃO SOLAR EM AMBIENTE EXTERNO E NO INTERIOR DE FLORESTA SEMIDECÍDUA 1

Daily solar radiation measurements were taken below the canopy of a semideciduous forest and at an open site. The mean values obtained during the period of measurements (June, 2000 to January, 2001), were 1.1 and 19.3 MJ/m 2 /d, respectively. The transmission of solar radiation to the forest understory was influenced by the season of the year and varied from 3.3% in the summer to 8.2% in the winter. Regression equations were developed taking into account the differences among the seasons to estimate the solar radiation inside the forest as a function of the open site values.

Composição da produção e qualidade da uva em videira cultivada sob dupla poda e regime microclimático estacional constrastante

Em Sao Paulo, destaca-se a viticultura como atividade familiar de carater artesanal. Nas bacias de maior concentracao atual da vitivinicultura, ocorre um periodo chuvoso que se estende de novembro a fevereiro, que alcanca grande parte das variedades da regiao em fase de crescimento e maturacao da baga, o que afeta negativamente a qualidade da uva e do vinho artesanal, na maioria das safras. Por outro lado, nas mesmas regioes, ocorre um periodo mais favoravel, que e o outono/inverno com potencial de soma termica adequado ao crescimento da videira e com incidencia de um longo periodo de baixa pluviometria, entre os meses de abril e outubro. Um experimento foi conduzido em Jundiai (SP), regiao de media altitude (700 m), com variedades de uvas hibridas e fina, no qual, objetivou-se estudar os impactos ecofisiologicos do cultivo da videira conduzida sob dupla poda, forcando-se a conducao das plantas por quatro estacoes de cultivo sequenciais de verao e inverno; analisaram-se aspectos da ecofiosologia da cultura e a composicao quali-quantitativa do rendimento. Os resultados mostram que a estacao de outono-inverno apresenta condicoes mais favoraveis a maturacao fenolica das bagas, com chuvas mais bem distribuidas e desconcentradas no periodo do estabelecimento do fruto a colheita. A uva colhida na estacao de outono-inverno apresentou maiores indices de pigmentacao fenolica em relacao a estacao de cultivo tradicional, sendo que o controle do nivel de reservas da planta revelou influencia da dupla poda sequencial sobre esta variavel, o que inspira praticas de manejo especificas para este tipo de exploracao da videira.

Diferenças estacionais entre variáveis microclimáticas para ambientes de interior de mata, vinhedo e posto meteorológico em Jundiaí (SP)

Studies aiming the characterization of microclimatic variability are important for evaluating forest and vineyards management. Therefore microclimatic measurements of: air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were taken, at Jundiai, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The following environments were evaluated: semideciduous forest interior, ´Niagara Rosada´ vineyard and standard weather station. Seazonal variation comparison was performed using daily data collected by automatic weather stations during the following months:August, 2000 (winter), October, 2000 (spring) and January, 2001 (summer). The internal microclimate was modified at semideciduous forest, with a decrease of maximum air temperature by 1.0 °C, 1.9 °C and 3.4 °C, respectively for winter, spring and summer; an increase of air relative humidity from 4-7%, and a reduction of wind speed in all evaluated seasons. The minimum air temperature inside the forest was 0.2 °C higher than at the standard weather station during summer, and 1.2 °C lower during winter. On the other hand, the vineyard lead to an increase of 0.5 °C to 1.0 °C on the maximum air temperature and to a decrease of 2% on the relative humidity when compared to standard weather station environment.

Climate trends in a non-traditional high quality wine producing region

The global warming may put pressure over some world’s highest quality wine producing regions. This fact indicates the need to evaluate the presence of climate change in non-traditional wine producing regions of the Globe. Therefore, the goals of this study were to detect trends in rainfall and air temperature series obtained from three locations of the eastern part of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil (a non-traditional high quality wine producing region) and to evaluate the effect of the detected climate trends on agrometeorological indices frequently used to indicate suitable areas for wine production. The trend analyses were applied to maximum and minimum air temperature series, rainfall series and to the following agrometeorological parameters: heliothermal index, cool night index and growing degree-days. These three indices were selected due to their previous use in studies that address the effect of regional climate conditions on the general wine style. The analyses took into account the grape phenological aspects for both summer and winter growing seasons. The results found in this study support the hypothesis of the presence of climate trends in the wine producing regions of the eastern part of the State of Sao Paulo-Brazil. These trends are mostly linked to changes in the minimum air temperature. The results also reveal a shortening in the duration of grapevines phenological phases and a change to warmer conditions during the ripening Months. These changes are consistent with the climate changes observed in other wine producing regions of the world and may negatively affect the wine production of the eastern part of the State of Sao Paulo.

Alterações em atributos químicos de um solo submetido à adubação e cultivado com videira 'Niagara Rosada'

ABSTRACT - Soil samples were analyzed with the objective of investigating changes on some soil chemi-cal properties due to NPK fertilization of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevine. The samples were collected in a field experiment carried out in Louveira, Brazil, during four crop seasons. The experimental design was an in-complete NPK factorial 1/2(4 3 ). The treatments were rates of N (0, 65, 130, and 195 kg/ha of N as NH 4 NO 3 ), P (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg/ha of P 2 O 5 as triple superphosphate) and K (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha of K 2 O as KCl) applied at each crop season. Nutrient (P, K, Ca and Mg) availability some chemical properties (organic matter, pH CaCl 2 , H+Al and base saturation) were evaluated through samples carried out in the experiment implantation (August, 2005) and after four production cycles (November, 2008). Soil samples were col-lected from layers of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Fruit yield and some physical characteristics of bunches and berries were evaluated. Soil pH decreased with increasing in N rates. Low rates of P and K were sufficient to maintain soil P and K at the same concentration as found prior to the experiment. Grapevine production was not affected by NPK fertilization. The application of NPK fertilizers in vineyards with soils with high nutrient availability implies economic losses and environmental contamination risk.Index terms: soil analysis, grape, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

Variações na anatomia foliar de videira Niagara em diferentes sistemas de condução

Variations in leaf anatomy are caused by several environmental factors, mainly the availability of solar radiation, leading to possible changes in photosynthetic capacity and crop yield. This paper aims to identify alterations in grapevine ‘Niagara Rosada’ and ‘Niagara Branca’ leaf anatomy grown in three different training systems: double cordon (ESP), lyre (Y) and lyre with plastic (YPLA). The anatomical studies were made using mature leaves, external in relation to the canopy, collected in distinct regions of vine plants (lower, middle and upper). For anatomical characterization the samples were fixed in FAA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned in microtome and stained with safranin-alcian blue. Slides were examined with an optical microscope with the aid of the image analysis software Motic and the video image was acquired by using a JVC video camera attached to the same optical microscope. Leaf anatomy parameters were measured for ten leaves collected in each treatment: thickness of the leaf blade, of the palisade and of the spongy parenchyma, of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and the ratio of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Analyses of variance were performed by F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The results indicate that the Niagara Branca and Niagara Rosada cultivars conducted in ESP had a greater average leaf blade thickness, but they were less productive when compared with Y and YPLA. Leaves grown under sunlight showed higher leaf thickness due to a greater development of palisade parenchyma, irrespective of the conduction system.

Avaliações microclimáticas e das características de qualidade da uva de mesa 'Romana' com proteção individual dos cachos

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de protecao individual de cachos, contra incidencia de chuvas durante o periodo de maturacao, no microclima, no controle de rachaduras e podridoes e, principalmente, nas caracteristicas de qualidade, foi realizado um experimento, em vinhedo da cultivar de uva de mesa sem sementes Romana (A1105), na regiao de Jundiai (SP). Os tratamentos, constituidos pelo tipo de protecao individual dos cachos, foram: sem protecao; saco plastico transparente com fundo aberto; saco de papel impermeavel com fundo aberto e papel impermeavel translucido (chapeu-chines). Medicoes de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa foram efetuadas no nivel do cacho nos tratamentos sem protecao e com protecao durante o periodo de maturacao das uvas ate a colheita. Os valores obtidos de temperatura foram: 23,9; 22,9 e 22,0 oC, respectivamente, para os tratamentos saco plastico; chapeu-chines e sem protecao. Os valores medios de umidade relativa foram mais elevados proximo dos cachos sem protecao (86,1%) quando comparados aos tratamentos: saco plastico (76,0%) e chapeu-chines (73,2%). Em relacao aos itens de qualidade dos cachos e controle de podridoes, os tratamentos chapeu-chines e saco de papel impermeavel foram mais eficientes quando comparados ao tratamento sem protecao.

Controle de moscas-das-frutas (diptera: tephritidae) em cultivo orgânico de ameixa pelo ensacamento dos frutos com diferentes materiais

Considering the importance of fruit flies for fruit growing to the state of Sao Paulo, a field trial was carried out in a private property in Jundiai, SP, Brazil, in order to evaluate the efficiency of bagging the plums in organic farming. The treatments were: control (unbagged fruits); waterproof paper bags, white tissue non-tissue (TNT), of different sizes, and transparent polypropylene microperfurated bags. The fruits were bagged on 09/30/2011 when the plums had one to two inches in diameter in an orchard that received no treatment to control flies. The harvest was held on 12/30/2011, and the fruits were evaluated for staining and loss due to flies attack, at harvest and post-harvest. All treatments controlled the fruit flies with emphasis on TNT, with only 4% infestation in fruits, concluding that this material is effective in reducing losses and may enhance growing organic plum.

Plant parameters and must composition of ‘Syrah’ grapevine cultivated under sequential summer and winter growing seasons

AbstrAct: Plant variables and must physicochemical properties were evaluated for the grapevine ‘Syrah’ cultivated in sequential growing seasons (summer and winter) from 2011 to 2015. The vines were trellised in vertical shoot position, grafted on Paulsen 1103, with approximate density of 5,800 plantsha −1 ∙. They were grown under plastic overhead cover. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the following variables were measured at the harvest: number of branches, number of clusters, cluster weight and yield, Agrometeorology - Article Plant parameters and must composition of ‘Syrah’ grapevine cultivated under sequential summer and winter growing seasons Mario Jose Pedro Junior 1 *, Jose Luiz Hernandes 2 , Ludmila Bardin-Camparotto, Gabriel Constantino Blain 1. Instituto Agronomico - Centro de Ecofisiologia e Biofisica - Campinas (SP), Brazil.2. Instituto Agronomico - Centro de Frutas - Jundiai (SP), Brazil. *Corresponding author: mpedro@iac.sp.gov.brReceived: Apr. 28, 2016 – Accepted: Sept.5, 2016

ROOTSTOCKS EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BORDÔ, ISABEL AND IAC 138-22 MÁXIMO MUST AND WINE

It has been demonstrated that rootstocks can influence grape characteristics, but there are few data in literature about the rootstocks influence in the wine characteristics, especially in wines elaborated with Vitis labrusca or hybrid grapes. This study evaluated the influence of ‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstocks on the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Bordô’, ‘Isabel’ and ‘IAC 138-22 ‘Máximo’ musts and wines. The musts were evaluated for pH, soluble solids, total acidity and soluble solids/acidity ratio. The wines were evaluated for density, alcohol content; total, volatile and fixed acidity; pH, dry extract, reducing sugars, reduced dry extract, alcohol in weight/reduced dry extract; free and total sulfur dioxide; anthocyanins, polyphenols index (I 280); polyphenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The ‘Bordô’, ‘Isabel’ and IAC 13822 ‘Máximo’ musts had low soluble solids for winemaking. The ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstock promoted higher dry extract content and reduced dry extract in Bordô wine, and lower total and fixed acidity in IAC 138-22 Máximo wine. In Isabel wine, higher pH was promoted by the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. Aside from low total acidity of the Bordô wine, all the physicochemical characteristics of the wines studied are in accordance with Brazilian law. There was no effect of rootstocks in the phenolics content and antioxidant activity of wines.