Grzegorz Jarnuszewski

FERTILISER VALUE AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF COMPOSTS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT WASTES

Composting process provides a valuable material improving physical and chemical properties of soil. The quality of the obtained compost depends to a great extent on the kind of material subjected to stabilisation. Composting biodegradable products may result in the end product exceeding heavy metal limits that cannot be used in agriculture. The studies included composts produced in the compost plant in Kołobrzeg, the Municipal Waste Recovery and Storage Plant in Leśno Górne and the Waste Managemant Plant in Wardyń Górny. Composts were made from municipal solid waste, sewage sludge with straw and sawmill waste, and from urban green waste. The following determinations were determined: morphological composition, total content of macroelements and microelements and the level of these elements soluble in HCl at the concentration of 0.5 mol∙dm-3. The examined composts contained the amounts of total Pb, Ni and Cd allowing for their use in agriculture and the compost from sewage sludge, straw and sawmill waste, turned out to have the best utilisation properties.

Some Chemical Properties of Sandy Soils Affected by Uncontrolled Dump Sites in the West Pomeranian Province

Kształtowanie Się Niektórych Właściwości Chemicznych Gleb Piaszczystych Pod Wpływem Oddziaływania Niekontrolowanych Wysypisk Odpadów w Województwie Zachodniopomorskim Some Chemical Properties of Sandy Soils Affected by Uncontrolled Dump Sites in the West Pomeranian Province The studies included eight field objects on soils with granulometric composition of loose and slightly loamy sand, under uncontrolled dump sites. Two sandy objects situated in forests were also examined. The impact of dump sites on the chemical properties of sandy soils was assessed by comparing the results for the samples collected from the surface soil layer under the dump site and adjoining sandy arable land or forest. Waste material in the surface layer of soils developed from loose or slightly loamy sand distinctly increased the amount of admixtures, slightly decreased acidity but did not cause the accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu). Slightly elevated amounts, in comparison with the content obtained for adjacent arable land and forest, were observed sporadically and at some points with the increase of organic matter, especially in forest soils. Contaminants from the waste dumped on sandy area or sandy exploitation pit migrate to deeper soil layers or adjacent water-courses, small bodies of water, and lakes.

Influence of Uncontrolled Dump Sites on Some Chemical Properties of Organic and Mineral Soils Developed from Clay and Loam in West Pomeranian

Wpływ Niekontrolowanych Wysypisk Odpadów na Niektóre Chemiczne Właściwości Gleb Organicznych Oraz Mineralnych Wytworzonych z Glin i Iłów w Województwie Zachodniopomorskim Influence of Uncontrolled Dump Sites on Some Chemical Properties of Organic and Mineral Soils Developed from Clay and Loam in West Pomeranian The influence of uncontrolled dump sites on chemical properties of organic and mineral grey-brown podsolic soils, developed from clay and loam was assessed by the comparison of results obtained for the samples taken both from the surface soil layer under the dump site and adjacent arable land. Altogether 83 soil samples were examined to determine: pHKCl, loss at burning, the content of P, K, Mg, and the content of P, K, Mg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu soluble in the mixture of concentrated HNO3+HClO4. The content of heavy metals in four samples of dominating waste fraction on uncontrolled dump site in the area of the former object of the Soviet Army in Kluczewo (municipality Stargard Szczeciński) was also determined. The surface layer 0-20 cm of organic soil under the dump site contained, in comparison with adjacent grassland soil, increased amounts of anthropogenic admixtures, and on average 195 times more Cd, 2.83 times more Pb, 2.08 times more Zn and 1.7 times more Cu. In the surface layer 0-30 cm of soils developed from clay and loam under the dump site, the amount of anthropogenic admixtures was also increased, acidity was slighty lower, and there was on average 3.89 times more Cd, 9.93 times more Pb, 6.67 times more Zn and 12.77 times more Cu than in adjacent arable land.

Morphological and Physical Properties of Dehydrated Holocene Carbonate Limnic Deposits in Post-Bog Areas of NW Poland

Holocene limnic deposits characteristic of the average latitudes have partially outcropped as a result of young glacial sculpture aging. The change of the environment from limnic to telmatic and often the interference of a man associated with the regulation of water relations led to the emergence of limnic deposits that underwent the process of pedogenesis. In this work, 137 samples of carbonate deposits from 6 sites in NW Poland were analyzed in terms of their physical properties. Carbonate sediments were subject to determination of specific and bulk densities, total porosity and air porosity, current and capillary water capacity. On the basis of CaCO3 content, combustion loss, and non-lime mineral content, the studied sediments were classified into three groups: lacustrine chalk, calcareous gyttja, and clay-calcareous gyttja. Studies have shown that the sediments subject to pedogenesis in the top levels have characteristic morphological features in the form of cracks and numerous channels and iron fills in the form of spotted, streaked or marbled mosaic. The top levels of sediments, as a result of dehydration, clearly increase their bulk density. Properties of the lake chalk were formed mainly by the proportion of organic matter and CaCO3, while in the case of carbonate gyttja, the influence of mineral parts of the non-lime substances is also highlighted. In the top of carbonate sediments, there is a decrease in general and capillary porosity and an increase in the share of macropores.

Some physical properties of mursh developed on limnic limestones in NW Poland

Abstract Post-bog soils developed on carbonate sediments are closely related to a young-glacial landscape and postglacial lakes. Drainage of biogenic accumulation area leads to a series of transformations in accumulated formations, including the process of decession. The studies conducted in the years 2009–2012 were focused on post-bog soils near lakes: Strzeszowskie, Sitno and Drawskie in Western Pomerania. The examined soils belong to murshic soils and gleysols (The classification of Polish soils). Mursh horizons contained from 0.2 to 43.3% of carbonate and from 27.2 to 77.6% of non-carbonates fractions (Ncf), and varying amount of organic matter depending on the degree of mineralisation. Specific density of surface horizons was in the range from 1.76 to 2.33 Mg·m−3, and bulk density from 0.28 to 0.68 Mg·m−3. Higher porosity was found in mursh organic soils in comparison to gleysols. The studies showed that the content of carbonate fraction was related with specific density, bulk density, porosity and water capacity. Obtained results of physical and physico-chemical analysis indicate that dewatering depth of post-bog soils developed on limnic limestone are reflected in worsened water retention properties and reduced capillary ascent in the upper layers of carbonate formations of gleysols.

Characterization of some physical and chemical properties of post-bog soils developed from limnic deposits in vicinity of lake Dubie (Western Pomerania, NW Poland)

Abstract Post-bog soils developed from limnic calcareous sediments are closely related to a young-glacial landscape and postglacial lakes in Northern Poland. The studies conducted in 2010–2012 on post-bog soils near lake Dubie (Równina Drawska, NW Poland), partially used as an arable land. The goal of research was to characterise some chemical and physical properties of post-bog soils developed from carbonate deposits near lake Dubie. The soils of the analysed area developed from lacustrine chalk and calcareous gyttja belong to black earth and mucky soils. Organic matter content in surface horizons ranged from 5.0 to 14.2%, content of CaCO3 from 27.2 to 55.2%, the highest carbonate content was found in arable soil. The soils of the study area were characterised by a narrow C/N ratio, low level of total form of P and a high content of Ca. Specific density of surface horizons was in the range 2.49 to 2.58 Mg · m−3, bulk density from 0.445 to 1.212 Mg · m−3. High porosity was also found in the examined formations, from 0.826 in surface horizons and 0.700 m3 · m−3 in limnic deposits.

Chemical properties of organic soils developed from lacustrine chalk near the lakes Strzeszowskie, Sitno, and Sierakowo (Western Pomerania, north Poland)

Abstract The genesis of organic soils is closely connected with water. The occurrence of carbonate deposits in the central and lower part of organic soil profile points to the link between their genesis and post-glacial lakes. The studies conducted in the years 2009–2012 focused on organic soils near lakes: Strzeszowskie, Sitno (Myśliborskie Lakeland) and Sierakowo (Ińskie Lakeland), north Poland. The goal of the present study was to characterize chemical properties of organic soils developed on carbonate deposits. The examined soils belonged to organic muck and sapric peat soils. They contained variable amount of organic matter (32,4–66,6%). The C/N ratio depended on the degree of mineralization. The soils under study, had a high level of available forms of Ca and low level of P, K, Cu, and Zn. Both in surface and subsurface horizons of muck and sapric peat soils the content of exchangeable cations may be ranked as follows: Ca > Mg > K > Na. Basic cations total in organic horizons was distinctly higher than in calcareous sediments. In organic horizons and limnic deposits, the share of exchangeable form of Ca in the sum of basic cations exceeded 95%.

Wybrane właściwooeci gleb murszowatych wykształconych na piaskach fluwioglacjalnych i limnicznych osadach wapiennych / Selected Properties of Moorsh-Like Soils Developed from Fluvio-Glacial Sand and Limnic Limestone

Abstract Parent material of moorsh-like soils in Poland usually are mineral formations of fluvio-glacial origin or limnic limestone. The aim of the studies was to determine selected chemical properties of moorsh-like soils developed from mineral deposits and limnic limestone located within the province of Western Pomerania (north Poland). The studies showed that the chemical properties of the moorsh-like horizon (Au) are considerably affected by the underlying material. The horizon developed from limnic limestone contained statistically significant higher amounts P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Co compared to the moorsh-like horizon developed from fluvio-glacial sands. No statistically significant influence of the underlaying material on the content of K, Na, Zn and Cd in the surface horizon was found.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE BIODEGRADABLE FRACTION AND EVALUATION OF ITS PROCESSING

A growing interest in Renewable Energy Sources initiated the use of biogas as an energy generating material. Biodegradable waste coming from different streams is an important resource for biogas production. The studies were conducted on 20–80 mm fraction of municipal waste separated by rotary screen in the technological process of The Waste Recovery and Storage Plant in Leśno Gorne. Morphological composition of the examined waste and their parameters determining their usefulness for composting and fermentation were analysed. On the basis of organic carbon content, the amount of biogas that may be produced from 1 kg of waste was estimated. An approximate amount of biogas which can be obtained in the process of methane fermentation from energy piles, formed from 10 000 Mg of waste was also calculated. Depending on the temperature it was from. 2.8 to 3.8 mln m3.

CHANGES IN QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF NITRATES DIRECTIVE IN SELECTED AGRICULTURAL RIVER BASIN OF WESTERN POMERANIA

The implementation of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy and Water Framework Directive and Nitrates Directive in particular by Poland requires taking actions aiming at protection of water quality against agricultural pollution, especially with nitrates. Therefore, in 2003, in the province of Western Pomerania, the area vulnerable to nitrates of agricultural origin the measures preventing their leaching into waters were undertaken. That area was located in the Płonia river basin. Despite the programme of reducing water pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, in 2008 and 2012 that area was recognised again as a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (NVZ). The studies focused on the waters of the Gowienica Miedwiańska river, from selected sections, and ground water from the piezometers located in the river basin of 63.65 km2, within the Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The concentration of NO3 ̄, NH4 + and PO4 -3 as well as pH in surface and ground waters were determined. The obtained results indicated insufficient effectiveness of action programmes to reduce nitrates emission.