Gulbin Rudarli Nalcakan

The Effects of Sprint Interval vs. Continuous Endurance Training on Physiological and Metabolic Adaptations in Young Healthy Adults

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and continuous endurance training (CET) on selected anthropometric, aerobic, and anaerobic performance indices as well as the blood lipid profile, inflammatory and muscle damage markers in healthy young males. Fifteen recreationally active male volunteers (age: 21.7 ±2.2 years, body mass: 83.0 ±8.0 kg, body height: 1.82 ±0.05 m) were divided into two groups according to their initial VO2max levels. Training programs were conducted 3 times per week for 7 weeks. The SIT program consisted of 4-6 Wingate anaerobic sprints with a 4.5 min recovery, while CET consisted of 30-50 min cycling at 60% VO2max. Biochemical, anthropometric and fitness assessments were performed both pre and post-intervention. Significant improvements in VO2max, anaerobic power and capacity, and VO2 utilization during the submaximal workout and significant decreases in body fat and in waist circumference after the intervention occurred in both SIT and CET groups. Significantly greater gross efficiency was measured in the CET group. No differences in the lipid profile or serum levels of inflammatory, myocardial and skeletal muscle damage markers were observed after the training period. The study results agree with the effectiveness of a 30 s all-out training program with a reduced time commitment for anthropometric, aerobic and anaerobic adaptation and eliminate doubts about its safety as a model.

Effects of aerobic training on serum paraoxonase activity and its relationship with PON1-192 phenotypes in women

Background Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein against oxidation. Limited studies have addressed the influence of exercise on PON1 activity and its relationship with PON1 phenotypes. We investigated relationships between PON1-192 phenotypes, PON1 activity, aerobic exercise, and blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged women. Methods An exercise group (n = 50) engaging in regular aerobic exercise and a control group (n = 41) were selected from a subset of 300 Caucasian women that met the inclusion criteria. Serum PON1, salt-stimulated PON1 (SSPON1), and arylesterase (ARE) activities; cholesterol levels and ARE activities of total HDL and HDL subgroups (HDLs) (supernatants obtained by polyethylene glycol); and blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were determined by standardized enzymatic methods. PON1-192 QQ (low activity), QR (moderate activity), and RR (high activity) phenotype groups were defined using serum SSPON1/ARE activity ratios. The R-carries (RC) phenotype group consisted of the QR and RR groups combined. Results All lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were greater in the exercise group than in the control group. Regardless of phenotype, no significant differences were observed between the exercise and control groups in terms of serum PON1, SSPON1, or ARE activity associated with HDLs (p > 0.05), whereas PON1 activities in QQ-phenotyped women in the exercise group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01), but not the RC group. A statistically significant interaction between PON1 phenotypes (QQ and RC groups) and exercise (exercise and control groups) on PON1 activity was found. Conclusion These results showed that a regular aerobic exercise program can improve PON1 activity depending on PON1-192 phenotype, but not on lipid and lipoprotein levels, in middle-aged Turkish women.

EFFECTS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ON BALANCE PERFORMANCE

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of circadian rhythm on dynamic balance performance and to determine the role of physical activity level, body temperature, chronotype, and gender in this possible effect. Material and methods. Forty-two young male and female subjects with different physical activity levels participated in the study. A dynamic equilibrium test, a Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), was conducted at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00 on three different days with at least two days of interval between tests. The test scores were calculated by dividing the reaching distances by the leg length and multiplying the quotient by 100. The physical activity level and sleep state were evaluated using questionnaires. Before each test, body temperatures were measured orally. Results. The best SEBT scores were found at 13:00 and 17:00 in the male group and in the trained group. The body temperature changes increased parallel to SEBT scores. The scores for the non-dominant leg were found to be significantly different in posterior test directions, and those for the dominant leg were different in anterior directions. Chronotype did not affect the test results. Conclusions. Circadian rhythm was found to have an effect on dynamic balance performance. Body temperature, gender, and physical activity level were also found to play a role in this effect.

P-67 Percentile norms and age and sex differences in the motor performance tests of 9–10 years old junior tennis players

Tennis is an intermittent sport and characterised by repeated high-intensity short bursts of running and multiple explosive change of directions. Enhanced speed and agility skills are known to provide the tennis players for economical and efficient on-court movement, whereas the golden ages for improving these qualities are between the ages of 5-12. It was found that physical components have a strong relation with match results and ranking, agility is the only physical performance variable used to predict competitive rankings in younger male tennis players. Although it is important to assess motor performance in children for both physical fitness development and talent identification in sport, there are only few studies in the literature evaluating specific motor performances on the junior tennis players and lack of normative motor performance data especially for Turkish junior tennis players. The purposes of this study were both to establish percentile normative data and to find age and sex differences in motor performance tests of 9-10 years old junior tennis players in Turkey. Tests were applied to 9 and 10 years old 2461 competitive tennis players over 3 years. All of the players (925 boys and 647 girls for 9 years old; 495 boys and 394 girls for 10 years old) participated to 5 different motor performance tests; 5m and 10 m sprint tests (s), tennis ball throwing test (m), standing long jump test (m) and modified tennis planned agility test (s). The highest score of two trials for each test was recorded. The mean and standard deviation for each test data were calculated according to the players’ age and gender groups, and then percentile tables were established for them. A percentile is defined as a value in the distribution below which a given percentage of the scores is found. Percentiles can provide a norm-referenced interpretation of an individual score within a distribution that often consists of scores from a comparable group of individuals. In addition, Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to determine significant differences in the related measures of the groups. Although significant age and sex differences were found on all of the motor tests, it appears that age generally was related more to performance than was gender. Gender differences of a lesser magnitude were found on only 5 m sprint test. This findings are consistent with the results of other studies in which the examined the relationship of age and sex differences in motor performance of 3-6 years old children. Using the tables, players and coaches have a set of normative data by which individual player’s performance scores may be compared with others and they can determine which skills need to be improved for players on an individual basis and talent identification in sport. Specific training programs can then be designed based on a player’s fitness testing results and they may prove to be of great assistance to physicians for injury prevention.

O-52 The effect of different diet modification on fat oxidation after sprint interval exercise

Objectives Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient alternative to current aerobic-based exercise recommendations. A single SIT session is known has positive effects on fat metabolism by increasing post-exercise VO2 and fat oxidation and reducing RER and carbohydrate oxidation after a single SIT bout. Short-term high fat diet is known has positive effects on fat oxidation pre- and post- submaximal exercise session. However, combination of a single SIT session and short-term high fat diet effects on fat oxidation was not studied before. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term different diet modifications (high fat and high carbohydrate) on fat oxidation after a SIT bout in healthy young trained men and to compare the effects with recreationally active men. Methods Recreationally active (n = 5, 37.8 ml.kg.min-1) and trained (n = 5, 57.9 ml.kg.min-1) groups were determined according to participants’ VO2max levels. Firstly, it is collected individual 3-d food records, measured body composition and resting metabolic rate for calculating the daily energy requirements. After that, 3 isocaloric different diet interventions were applied with a weekly interval: normal diet (% 55 carbohydrate,% 15 protein and% 30 fat of daily energy requirement), high carbohydrate diet for one day (% 70 carbohydrate,% 10 protein and% 20 fat of daily energy requirement), and high fat diet for three days (% 20 carbohydrate,% 10 protein and% 70 fat of daily energy requirement). Before each sprint interval session, preprandial resting metabolic rates were measured. Participants had breakfast and following 3 hours- resting period they performed a SIT bout (6 x Wingate anaerobic sprints with a 4.5 min recovery) and immediately after 2 hour-recovery period for evaluating VO2 and RER. The data were collected from a gas analyzer for 15 min- averages. Energy derived from fat oxidation (as% and gr/min) was calculated using established equations. Results Basal fat oxidation rate (gr/min) was found statistically high from the other diet modifications, and RER and fat oxidation (%) for 90th, 105th and 120th mins of recovery period after fat rich diet were statistically different when the groups were disregarded. It was found significant differences in RER and fat oxidation (%) for 15 th, 90 th and 120th mins of recovery period after fat rich diet in trained group. Additionally, fat oxidation (%) was significantly lower and VO2 and RER were significantly higher in 15th min than the other time of recovery period after all diet modifications for all groups. Conclusions A combination of short-term high-fat diet and sprint interval training is thought to be an alternative way of achieving weight control by increasing fat oxidation from the results of the study. Acknowledgment This study was supported by the Ege University EBILTEM Scientific Research Foundation [Project Number = 2015-BESYO-02].