Hedi Indra Januar

Cytotoxic cembranes from Indonesian specimens of the soft coral Nephthea sp.

Methanol extracts of two specimens of the soft coral Nephthea sp. collected from the Seribu Islands, Indonesia, were active in an anticancer bioassay. One new (1) and four known diterpenes (2–5) based on the cembrane carbon skeleton were isolated from these extracts, as was arachidonic acid (8). The structures of all compounds were elucidated using NMR, including 1,1-ADEQUATE and 1D gradient selective NOESY where applicable to determine the relative stereochemistry. Spectroscopic data, including 1H and 13C NMR, UV, IR and optical rotations are reported when enough material was available and where this has not been done previously. Inhibition assays employing three cancer cell lines; SF-268 (CNS), MCF-7 (breast), and H460 (lung) were used to guide the isolation of all compounds.

In silico study of fucoxanthin as a tumor cytotoxic agent

Background: Fucoxanthin is a potential tumor cytotoxic compound. However, mechanisms underlying the activities are unclear. Aim: This in silico study aimed to predict the main mechanism of fucoxanthin; whether with its binding to p53 gene, CDK2, or tubulin. Materials and Methods: In silico was studied by using Autodock-Vinas algorithms. The mechanisms being analyzed by comparison of fucoxanthin and native ligands binding energies in p53 gene (1RV1), CDK2 (1AQ1), and three binding sites of tubulin (1JFF-paclitaxel, 1SA0-colchicine, and 1Z2B-vinblastine site). Results: Autodock-Vinas algorithms were valid, as re-docking the native ligands to their receptors showed a RSMD value less than 2 A with binding energies of -11.5 (1RV1), -14.4 (1AQ1), -15.4 (1JFF), -9.2 (1SA0), and -9.7 (1Z2B) kcal/mol. Docking of fucoxanthin to subjected receptors were -6.2 (1RV1), -9.3 (1AQ1), -8.1 (1JFF), -9.2 (1SA0), and -7.2 (1Z2B) kcal/mol. Virtual analysis of fucoxanthin and tubulin binding structure showed the carboxyl moiety in fucoxanthin make a hydrogen bound with 355Val (2.61 A) and 354Ala (2.79 A) at tubulin. Conclusion: The results showed that binding energy of fucoxanthin could only reach the same level as with colchicine ligand in tubulin. Therefore, it may predict that the most probable fucoxanthin main mechanism is to bind tubulin, which causes microtubules depolimerization and cell cycle arrest.

Will the Increasing of Anthropogenic Pressures Reduce the Biopotential Value of Sponges

Production of bioactive compounds from marine benthic organisms is suggested to relate ecologically with environment. However, anthropogenic pressures cause a considerable damage to coral reefs environment. This research aimed to define the pattern sponges biopotential values at the increasing of anthropogenic pressures to coral reef environment. Three representative sponges were selected (Theonella sp., Hyrtios sp., and Niphates sp.) and study had been conducted in Hoga Island, Indonesia, to define the relationship between seawater variables (DO, pH, phosphate, and ammonia ions), sponges spatial competition, and their bioactivity level (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The study showed anthropogenic pressures affect the reef environment, as abiotic cover was increased and eutrophication was detected at the site closer to the run-off domesticated area. Statistical multivariate analyses revealed sponges spatial competition was significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups of high, moderate, and low bioactivity level. Abiotic cover was detected as the major factor (36.19%) contributed to the differences and also the most discriminant factor distinguishing sponges spatial competition in the groups of bioactivity level (93.91%). These results showed the increasing anthropogenic pressures may result in a higher abiotic area and may directly be a consequence to the lower production of bioactive compounds in sponges.

Nephthea sp.: Correlation Between Natural Products Production and Pressure from Local Environmental Stressors

The presented study looked in a preliminary and speculative way for a correlation between production by a single soft coral species, Nephthea sp., of two secondary metabolites and local environmental stresses, pollution, around the Seribu Islands, Indonesia. The study region was selected because of the significant land-based run-off from the heavily populated Indonesian capital, Jakarta. A Nephthea sp., was chosen based on the well known bioactive cembranoid diterpene content of animals of the genus that is often involved in protecting them from predation. For the study, levels of the recently reported 3,4-epoxy-nephthenol acetate (1) and the previously known 15-hydroxycembrane (2) were monitored. Results showed levels of 1 and 2 to decrease as pollutants increased. A contour map of levels of 1 and 2 showed a likely different pattern of their occurrence, with 2 being found more in polluted, higher stress, areas and 1 likely only to occur in areas with low environmental stresses. It is postulated that low levels of anthropogenic stress, pollution, in the reef environment result in no inhibition of biodiversity and number of fishes that prey on Nephthea sp., likely causing enhanced secondary metabolite production in these species in order to protect them from predation. This may mean levels and/or presence or absence of 1 might be indicators of pollution entering a coral reef area, with the resultant threat to a reef’s potential biopotency. Results also show where anthropogenic pollution increases in a reef system the overall level of biodiversity drops, as a consequence so does chemical diversity and with it the chance of discovering new and biological active secondary metabolites.

LC-MS metabolomic analysis of environmental stressor impacts on the metabolite diversity in Nephthea spp.

Context: The soft coral Nephthea spp. is a source of terpenoid class that potentially has pharmaceutical properties. However, metabolite diversity and cytotoxic activity of this species are varied among coral reefs from various sites. Aim: To analyze the water quality in Nephthea spp. environment as a possible factor causing a difference in its metabolite diversity. Settings and Design: Nephthea spp. from seven sites were taken in October 2010 at the Alor District of Marine Protected Area, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Water quality assessment was analyzed in situ and indexed by Canadian Council of Ministry Environment-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) method. Meanwhile, metabolite diversity was analyzed by a LC-MS metabolomic method, using C18 reversed phase and gradient water-acetonitrile system. Statistical Analysis Used: Spearmans rho and regression analysis were applied to correlate the water quality index to ecological index (richness, diversity, and evenness) from LC-MS results. Results: The water quality index had a significant positive correlation and strong linear regression determinant to the total metabolite (R 2 = 0.704), particularly to semipolar metabolite richness (R 2 = 0.809), the area of terpenoid class in the organism. Conclusion: It can be concluded that water quality may serve as a major factor that affects the amount of richness in Nephthea spp. metabolites. When the water quality is lower, as environment stresses increases, it may affect the metabolite richness within direct disrupt of metabolite biosynthesis or indirect ecological means. Terpenoids are known as a soft coral antipredator (coral fishes), the amount of which depends on the water quality.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEBERADAAN DURI DENGAN TOKSISITAS KARANG LUNAK DAN SPONGE

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara keberadaan duri dengan toksisitas ekstrak metanol karang lunak dan sponge telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 28 jenis ekstrak karang funak dan sponge diuji toksisilasnya menggunakan uji Brine Shrimp Lethality Iest (BSLT). Perbedaan mortalitas Artemia salina akibat pemberian ekstrak diuji dengan uji t dua sampel independen. Korelasi antara keberadaan duri dengan tingkat toksisitas dianalisis dengan korelasi nonparametrik Spearman.

Influence of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Bioactivity Potential of Sponges and Soft Corals in the Coral Reef Environment

The wealth of marine sponges and soft corals in Indonesian waters represents a rich source of natural products. However, anthropogenic pressures potentially decrease diversity in coral reefs. Presented here are trends for tropical sponge and soft coral biodiversity and their bioactivity potential under the influence of increasing anthropogenic pressures. Samples were collected along transects (near, mid, and far) at Karimunjawa and Seribu Islands Marine National Parks and environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia), sponge and soft coral biodiversity, and the bioactivity potential of those organisms (50% Growth Inhibition (GI50) of cancer cell lines H460-Lung, MCF7-Breast, and SF268-CNS) are compared. The environmental conditions and biodiversity were found to be significantly different between groups of sampling sites (P<0.05). Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) revealed DO was the discriminant factor driving the separation between groups (90.1%). Diversity tended to be higher in the Far group with strong and significant relation to DO (R= 0.611, P<0.05) and ammonia (R = -0.812, P<0.05). The CDA also showed that an increase in bioactivity (low % GI50) of sponge and soft coral extracts was related to a canonical function (57.21%) consisting of high DO, high pH, and low nutrients. These findings indicate the production of bioactive compounds is related to diversity and complexity of coral reef systems. Therefore, strategies for marine protection by mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic pressures needs to be optimized in order to conserve the overall environment and sustain its natural bioactivity potential indefinitely. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

Analisis Dereplikasi Substansi Bioaktif Fraksi Polar Petrosia Sp. Dari Perairan Kepulauan Seribu

Sebagai bagian dari serangkaian riset untuk menemukan senyawa aktif dari biota spons laut, telah dilakukan analisis dereplikasi terhadap fraksi polar Petrosia sp dari perairan Kepulauan Seribu. Metode dereplikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan FT‑IR ( Fourier Transfer ‑ InfraRed ) dan Proton‑Selektif NOE ( Nuclear Overhauser Effects )‑NMR ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ) yang diarahkan oleh sistem fraksinasi panduan bioasai menggunakan reagen DPPH (2,2 difenil pikril hidrazil). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa subfraksi polar dari biota ini memiliki rendemen 22,47 % dan nilai IC 50 48,093 ppm untuk menghambat radikal bebas DPPH. Analisis kimia instrumentasi menunjukkan bahwa subfraksi aktif ini memiliki dua senyawa mayor yang memiliki gugus karbonil (C=O), gugus nitrogen ikatan rangkap dua (N=C), dan sistem siklik konjugasi ternitrogenasi. Determinasi data spektroskopi ini terhadap pustaka digital MarinLit (2007) menunjukkan bahwa kedua senyawa aktif tersebut merupakan trigonelin dan aminozooanemonin, yaitu senyawa bioaktif umum pada organisme laut yang memiliki peran primer sebagai regulator osmosis.

Aplikasi Micro Morr E-3360 sebagai Bahan Bioremedian Tumpahan Minyak di Laut

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kelayakan Micro Morr E-3360 sebagai bahan bioremedian tumpahan minyak di laut pada skala laboratorium. Kelayakan didasari pada efektivitas pengurangan kadar Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), toksisitas air laut hasil bioremediasi dan residu media imobilisasi dari produk. Analisis kadar TPH dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan tingkat toksisitas diukur menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Identifikasi konsorsium bakteri dilakukan pada media imobilisasi dengan analisis sekuens gen 16S rDNA. Penelitian dilakukan dengan lima uji coba dalam beaker, yaitu air laut dan minyak 2% w/w dari air laut (M); air laut, minyak 2% w/w dari air laut, bioremedian 10% w/w dari minyak, dan nutrien (P); kontrol air laut (AL); kontrol air laut dan bioremedian 10% w/w dari minyak (B); serta air laut dan nutrien (K). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa konsorsium bakteri terdiri dari 3 spesies bakteri, yaitu Bacillus licheniformis, B. thermoamylovorans, dan Geobacillus pallidus. Bioremedian ini mampu menurunkan kadar TPH dalam air sebesar 77% dan tingkat toksisitas sebesar 88% selama 20 hari. Kadar residu minyak dalam media imobilisasi juga rendah, yaitu di bawah 2 ppm. Namun, penurunan kadar oksigen dan peningkatan turbiditas yang signifikan (P<0,05) dapat menjadi faktor utama kematian 50% populasi A. salina.

ISOLASI SENYAWA SITOTOKSIK DARI SPONS Crella papilata

Penelitian isolasi senyawa sitotoksik dari spons Crella papilata telah dilakukan. Spons Crella papilata diambil dari Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Ekstraksi senyawa sitotoksik dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan metanol dan ekstrak kasar yang dihasilkan difraksinasi dengan kromatografi kolom fase balik. Pemisahan lebih lanjut dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom fase normal dengan eluen campuran n-heksana/EtOAc (etil asetat) dan EtOAc/MeOH (etil asetat/metanol) secara gradien. Fraksi yang paling aktif diisolasi dengan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif dan diidentifikasi dengan ¹H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) dan LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry). Interpretasi terhadap data spektra yang dihasilkan memperlihatkan bahwa senyawa bioaktif tersebut merupakan golongan tiol yang mengandung cincin aromatik serta alkil sebagai gugus samping dengan berat molekul sebesar 291. Uji MTT [3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromida)] menunjukkan bahwa senyawa bioaktif ini memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel HeLa dan sel Skov3 dengan nilai IC50 berturut-turut sebesar 14,7 ppm dan 10,9 ppm.