Neviaty Putri Zamani

Suspended micro-sized PVC particles impair the performance and decrease survival in the Asian green mussel Perna viridis

Marine bivalves are known to ingest microplastics, but information on the consequences for their physiological performance is limited. To investigate a potential exposure pathway that has not yet been addressed, we mimicked the resuspension of microplastics from the sediment in a laboratory exposure experiment. For this, we exposed the Asian green mussel Perna viridis to 4 concentrations (0mg/l, 21.6mg/l, 216mg/l, 2160mg/l) of suspended polyvinylchloride (PVC) particles (1-50μm) for two 2-hour-time-periods per day. After 44days, mussel filtration and respiration rates as well as byssus production were found to be a negative function of particle concentration. Furthermore, within 91days of exposure, mussel survival declined with increasing PVC abundance. These negative effects presumably go back to prolonged periods of valve closure as a reaction to particle presence. We suggest that microplastics constitute a new seston component that exerts a stress comparable to natural suspended solids.

Bioaccumulation and retention kinetics of cesium in the Milkfish Chanos chanos from Jakarta Bay

Laboratory radiotracer experiments were conducted to study the uptake, assimilation, and retention of cesium (137Cs) in milkfish (Chanos chanos) from Jakarta Bay. In this study, we have examined the bioaccumulation and distribution of 137Cs in C. chanos obtained from 137Cs-labeled seawater and 137Cs-labeled Artemia sp. feeding. The uptake of 137Cs via seawater displayed a one-compartment model suggesting that the concentration factors of 137Cs within the milkfish (weight 2.46–9.86 g) at a steady-state period were between 10.66 and 3.98 mL g−1 after 10 days of exposure. The depuration ratewas observed to be low, with only 22.80–49.14% of 137Cs absorbed by C. chanos, which was absent 6 days after exposure. By contrast, depuration occurred quickly for radiolabeled food uptake, reaching 20% of retention within 10 days after exposure.Muscles and viscera of themilkfish exhibited the highest degree of end uptake and end depuration of 137Cs from seawater and feeding. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tolerance to stress differs between Asian green mussels Perna viridis from the impacted Jakarta Bay and from natural habitats along the coast of West Java

It is an open question whether adverse habitat conditions, characteristic for many anthropogenically impacted coastal habitats, can determine resistance to abiotic stress in populations of residing invertebrates. We tested experimentally for differences in stress tolerance between individuals of the Asian green mussel Perna viridis stemming from the heavily impacted Jakarta Bay and from two natural sites, Lada Bay and Pelabuhan Ratu, West Java. Mussel performance under hyposalinity and hypoxia was assessed in laboratory assays by measuring fitness-related response variables, e.g. body condition index, relative shell weight, byssus production, respiration rates and survival. We found stress-specific and population-specific differences in mussel resistance to adverse conditions: Individuals from the impacted Jakarta Bay performed better under hypoxia than their conspecifics from the natural sites, whereas the latter were more resistant to hyposalinity. We explain these differences by differential acclimation to environmental conditions in the respective habitats and by diverging degrees of food supply.

New cytotoxic cembranoid from indonesian soft coral Sarcophyton sp.

Context: Sarcophyton is a soft coral species that contains various secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity. The production of cytotoxic compounds in soft corals is suggested as their allelochemical to win space competition. Therefore, if a particular soft coral species dominates a reef area, it may suggest to contain interesting bioactive compounds. Aims: This research aimed to characterize the cytotoxic compounds in dominant soft coral species (Sarcophyton sp.) on the reef at the Western side of Mahengetang Island, Indonesia. Subjects and Methods: Isolation of cytotoxic compounds through ethanol extracts had been done with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassay-guided fractionation by MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines. The structures of each cytotoxic compounds were elucidated on the basis of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Results: Elucidation through all compounds found a new cembranoid, namely, 2-hydroxy-crassocolide E (1), alongside with 5 known cembranoids; sarcophytoxide (2), sarcrassin E (3), 3,7,11-cembreriene-2,15-diol (4), 11,12-epoxy-Sarcophytol A (5), and sarcophytol A (6). All of these cembranoids were showed to inhibit the growth of MCF-7 (breast) cancer, with 50% inhibition of tumor cell lines growth lower than 30 mg/L. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that a soft coral species which dominate a reef area is a potential source for various bioactive compounds.

STUDY ON BIOROCK® TECHNIQUE USING THREE DIFFERENT ANODE MATERIALS (MAGNESIUM, ALUMINUM, AND TITANIUM)

Biorock® technique is the earliest methods to rehabilitate the damage of coral reef ecosystem. Its improvement is need to carry on since it is subject to some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible subtitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we compared Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum (Al). The laboratory study was carried out for two days period (48 hours) in the stagnant sea water aquaria. Four aquarium tanks were treated by different electric current treatment (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere, respectively). The reduction of electrode weigh (anode and cathode) was measured. During the experiment, water quality (i.e. pH, and salinity) and mineral waters (calcium) were collected every 6 hour in 48 hours. The solid form of calcium carbonate was analyzed using XDS (X-ray Dispersion Spectrophotometer). The accretion rates on cathode and anode decay were compared between anodes which were treated by different electrical current. Based on the study, three anodes (aluminum, magnesium and titanium) showed different respond. Titanium and Magnesium anode showed electric current affected accretion rate (P < 1), while for aluminum anode showed no differences on treatments.

THE DIFFERENCE EXTENSION RATE OF CORAL PORITES LUTEA AT TUNDA ISLAND

The skeleton of deposited coral species Porites lutea can provide information to determine the life growth rate of the coral that can be seen on its annual bands. The coral sampling was carried out by using pneumatic drill and then it was analyzed to determine the direction, age, and growth rates of the coral, using X-ray. Result of the research showed that the growth rate of P. lutea coral in northern station (windward) was in ranged of 0.6 – 2.5 cm/year while the average growth rate was 1.44 cm/year, and in the southern station (leeward) was in ranged of 0.5 – 2.2 cm/year while its average growth rate was 1.21 cm/year. The growth rate of P. lutea both located North station (Winward) and the South station (leeward) showed no significant difference.