Henna Rya Sunoko

Life cycle assessment of household hazardous waste management options for Semarang City, Indonesia

Hazardous and toxic materials are not only produced by industrial sectors, but also by household sector. Unfortunately, no established regulation and standard operational procedure was found for handling household hazardous waste (HHW) in Indonesia. The research aimed to produce the most effective and efficient scenario of HHW. This research used life cycle assessment (LCA) approach according to ISO 14040:2006 by using 150 kg of HHW. The LCIA method used was IPCC 2007 by using Simapro (version 7.1) and TDEPs guidelines. The result show, characteristic of HHW in Semarang was consist of corrosive (1.9%), ignitable/reactive (5.8%), toxic (17.4%), and infectious (74.9%). HHW generation is 0.01 kg/person/day or 0.0591 l/person/day. Estimated HHW generation in 2014 reach 16.003 tons/day or 94.415 m3/day. Scenario 2 with recycling HHW is the best scenario. The impact of GHG emissions is only about 135.25 kgCO2 eq. This scenario can reduce impact of 17.57% compared with current conditions.

CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD TOXIC HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION BASED ON ECONOMIC STATUS AND TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS IN SEMARANG CITY, INDONESIA

Hazardous and toxic waste are not only produced by industry, but also by households. But in fact, the household activities also produce Household Toxic and Hazardous Waste (HTHW). Considering the potential of the impact of HTHW to worsening environment quality, the effort of HTHW management must have been started well. One important aspect in the management strategy is to determine the characteristics and the HTHW generation. The method used to determine the characteristics HTHW refers to SNI 19–2454–2002, while the calculation of HTHW generation refers to the SNI 19–3694–1994 calculated based on weight and volume. Sampling was conducted in four districts of Semarang (Pedurungan, Semarang Barat, Semarang Utara and Banyumanik). The samples used in this study were 400 families that were selected based on the proportion of Slovin Formula. Data analysis performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Walis test (α = 0.05). The largest characteristic of HTHW in Semarang City is infectious (79%), further Poisonous (13%), Combustible (6%) and Corrosive (2%). While HTHW generation is 0.01 kg/person/day (5.1% MSW). Statistical test result showed there was a significant difference (p-value : 0.001) between HTHW generation based on economic level, but there was no significant difference (p-value :0.442) between HTHW characteristics in Semarang city. The level of education, occupation, income level and lifestyle may become potential factors in differentiating the characteristics and HTHW generation in Semarang city.

Pesticides Usage in the Soil Quality Degradation Potential in Wanasari Subdistrict, Brebes, Indonesia

Uncontrolled application of pesticides can contaminate soil and may kill other nontarget organisms. This study aims to determine the usage pattern of pesticides by farmers in Wanasari Subdistrict and study the soil quality degradation potential. This study was a quantitative and qualitative research. Sources of data were collected from observation, questionnaire, and in-depth interview methods. The respondents were shallot farmers who planted shallot during 2013–2016 ( ). In-depth interview was done with three respondents from the local agricultural extension center (BPP). This study found that there were some different types of insecticides and fungicides that were used in every planting season. The farmers applied pesticides in large amount once every three or four days. They mixed minimally three insecticides and fungicides types about 30–40 ml for each type. Organophosphate residues that were found in soil samples were methidathion residue about 0.014 mg/kg, malathion residue ranging around 0.1370–0.3630 mg/kg, and chlorpyrifos residue in the range of 0.0110–0.0630 mg/kg. The excessive application of pesticides showed the land degradation potential. Soil quality laboratory testing is recommended to ensure the agricultural land condition. Routine assessment of soil quality and pesticide usage control is recommended to keep sustainable ecosystem.