Onny Setiani

ANALISIS SPASIAL FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DAN KEJADIAN DBD DI KABUPATEN DEMAK

Abstract Induced Pluripotent Stemcell (iPS) are adult cells which the genetic information in the nucleus of those cells being reprogrammed (reprogram) by inserting exogenous pluripotential genes. The exogenous gene transduction is using vectors, such as lentivirus, retrovirus, or adenovirus, which suppressed the gene expression of the original cells, so they will express the transduced exogenous gene. Viral vectors are then used to reprogramming and producing iPS clones that are pluripotent. iPS derived from adult cells of patient with certain diseases will be used as a tool to study the mechanisms of those specific diseases and the effects of selected drugs against the diseases. Several previous studies have shown that iPS clones developed from specific genetic disease have its original genotype and retain the character of the response to the drug that similar as the original adult cells. Opportunities for the utilization of autologous iPS cell therapy in the future is wide open as expected iPS transplant will not be rejected when transplanted back to the patient. Behind all its potential, iPS production is still facing some problems to be applicable clinically. The use of viruses as vectors may cause problems due to virus gene sequences may be integrated into the genome of the DNA donor cell, thereby causing mutations of the iPS clones. Several subsequent studies have succeeded in replacing the use of viruses as vectors, but the level of efficiency obtained is still very low. Another problem that arises is that epigenetic changes may occur in iPS cultures. Many advanced research related to iPS may be developed in Indonesia and is necessary to improve the production efficiency of iPS and solve iPS clones epigenetic changes problems in the future. Keywords: iPS, pluripotency, transduction, transfection. Abstrak Induced Pluripotent Stemcell (iPS) adalah sel somatic dewasa yang informasi genetika dalam inti selnyadiprogram ulang (reprogram) dengan cara memasukkan gen-gen eksogen yang memberikan ciri pluripotensial. Transduksi gen eksogen ini menggunakan vektor, seperti lentivirus, retrovirus, atau adenovirus, yang ditekan ekspresi gen aslinya, sehingga akan mengekspresikan sel eksogen yang ditransduksikan.Virus vektor tersebut selanjutnya digunakan untuk reprogram dan membuat klon iPS yang bersifat pluripoten. Sel dewasa yang akan dijadikan iPS diambil dari penderita penyakit tertentu dan selanjutnya klon iPS dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai alat untuk mempelajari mekanisme terjadinya penyakit dan efek obat terpilih terhadap penyakit tersebut. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu telah membuktikanbahwa kloni PS yang dikembangkan dari penderita penyakit genetik tertentu tetap memiliki karakter genotip dan respon terhadap obat yang sama dengan sel dewasa asalnya. Peluang pemanfaatan iPS otologus untuk terapi sel dimasa mendatang terbuka lebar karena diperkirakan iPS tidak akan mengalami proses rejeksi saat ditransplantasikan kembali kepada penderita yang bersangkutan. Dibalik segala potensinya, iPS masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan untuk diaplikasikan secara klinis. Penggunaan virus sebagai vektor dapat menimbulkan masalah karena sekuens gen virus mungkin berintegrasi dengan genom DNA sel donor, sehingga akan menyebabkan risiko terjadinya mutasipada klon iPS yang dihasilkan. Beberapa penelitian selanjutnya berhasil mengganti penggunaan virus sebagai vektor, namun tingkat efisiensi yang didapat masih sangat rendah. Masalah lain yang timbul adalah perubahan epigenetik yang dapat terjadi pada kultur iPS.Banyak penelitian lanjutan terkait iPS yang dapat dikembangkan di Indonesia dan sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi produksi iPS dan mengatasi masalah perubahan epigenetik klon iPS dimasa mendatang. Kata Kunci: iPS, pluripotensi, transduksi, transfeksi.

Hubungan Kadar Merkuri (Hg) dengan Profil Darah Pekerja Pertambangan Emas Tradisional di Desa Jendi Kecamatan Selogiri Kabupaten Wonogiri

Background: mercury is neurotoxic substance which can produce some health effect, depends on impact ofduration of exposure and quantity mercury used. Gold miner had a high risk of continously impact which maycause many health disorder, one of them is blood profile interference.The purpose of this reasearch was to know the relationship between mercury concentration in blood with bloodprofile of traditional mining gold worker in Jendi village, Selogiri Sub District, Wonogiri District.Methods: The study design was an analytic observational research. Research subject were whole of workers whowere working in mining gold. Variables in this research were mercury (Hg) in blood and blood profile. Datacollection using interview, observation, and measurement technique. Data would be analyzed using Kendal’s Taucorrelation.Result: The results showed that the average of Hg in blood was 7,819 ppb. It was over toxic level (eˆ 5,8 ppb) andaverage blood profile consist of haemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, andMCHC were 14,771 gr/dl; 4,9536 jt/mmk; 7,5679 rb/mmk; 334,26 rb/mmk; 43,833%, 88,6333 fl; 29,8833 pg;33,6976. Bivariate analysis showed the significant relationship between mercury (Hg) in blood with bloodprofile (amount of leukocyte) p-value 0,017 and rho 0,257.Conclusion: The conclusion of the research was Hg rates in blood had a toxic limit standard so it can change theblood profile (decreased amount of leukocyte). It was recommended for gold miner to used a personal protectiveequipment like mask, lowering smoking habbit, checked-up, and make lots of green area at mining gold. Keywords : mercury in blood, blood profile, mining gold worker

Faktor Risiko Pencemaran Mikrobiologi pada Air Minum Isi Ulang di Kabupaten Tegal

Background : Water is a real absolute necessity for humans as well as fresh air and healthy food. Result of inspection of drinking water refilling quality in Tegal Regency at 2011 showed the existence of microbiology contamination, from 138 drinking water refilling samples, in which 67 samples (48,6%) did not meet the standard for MPN Coliform and E.coli.The purpose this research was to know microbiological contamination risk factor of drinking water refilling in Tegal Regency. Methods : Design applied was cross-sectional. Independent variable in this research was standard water quality, quality of filtration, quality of desinfection and the dependent variable was water quality drinks product from drinking water refilling station. Population at this research was drinking water refilling station in Tegal Regency which amounts to 197. Sampling in random sampling that sample was taken in random. Test Chi-Square applied to test the relation of microbiology contamination risk factor of drinking water refilling with microbiology quality of product water from drinking water refilling station. Results : The result of inspection of standard water quality, 36 samples ( 55,4%) MPN ineligibility Coliform and 12 samples ( 18,5%) ineligibility Ecoli. Result of inspection of water quality drinks product DAMIU, 32 samples ( 49,2%) MPN ineligibility Coliform and 10 samples ( 15,4%) ineligibility Ecoli. Result of observation quality of filtration, 31 samples ( 47,7%) with quality of filtration is not good. Result of observation quality of desinfeksi, 28 samples ( 43,1%) with quality of desinfeksi is not good. The results of the research showed there was significant association between quality of water microbiology standard (p-value=0,0001), quality of filtration (p-value=0,0001), quality of desinfection (p-value=0,0001) with quality of product water microbiology in drinking water refilling station Tegal Regency at 2012. Product drinking water from drinking water refilling station using ineligible standard water of MPN coliform had risk 5,6 times compared to using standard water. Product drinking water from drinking water refilling station with quality of filtration that was not good had up risk 34 times compared to if the quality of filtration was good Product drinking water from drinking water refilling station with quality of desinfection which was not good had risk 9,2 times compared to if the good quality of desinfection. Recomendation : The owners of the drinking water refilling station was obliged to guarantee water quality to drink produced by it is safe for health. Public expected to be more attentively in consuming water product from drinking water refilling station. Health Department needs more increases construction and observation to drinking water refilling station. Keywords : Microbiological Contamination of Drinking Water Refilling,Tegal Regency

Hubungan Kandungan Mineral Calcium, Magnesium, Mangaan Dalam Sumber Air Dengan Kejadian Batu Saluran Kemih Pada Penduduk Yang Tinggal di Kecamatan Songgom Kabupaten Brebes

Background : Urinary tract stones is a common urinary tract disease in the world and occurs primarily in people living around the mining of limestone, or areas with high hardness of water. Based on the results of the types of water sources by the number of respondents who examined 34 samples showed that the calcium levels e” 100 mg / liter of 4 people (11.8%), mangaan levels e” 0.5 mg / liter of 15 people (44.1 %), whereas the Magnesium levels e” 30 mg / liter of 14 people (41.2%). The purpose this study was to determine the association between mineral content of calcium , magnesium, mangaan in the water with the incidence of urinary tract stones on community the living in the karst area Songgom distric Brebes regency. Methode : The study design was a case-control study. With the population of the whole community in Songgom Brebes regency. Sampling using random sampling techniques. The number of 68 people. Data obtained from interviews with respondents, and examination of urine and water resources. Result: The results showed there was a significant association between length of stay with the incidence of urinary tract stones with the results of statistical analysis stating the value of p = 0.015 and OR = 3.833 with 95% CI = 1.403 <OR <10.4770. There was a significant association between the consumption of water per day with the incidence of urinary tract stones with the results of statistical analysis showed that value of p = 0.028 and OR = 3.429 with 95% CI = 1.255 <OR <9.370. There was a significant association between levels of magnesium (Mg) with the incidence of urinary tract stones with the results of statistical analysis with value of p = 0.0001 and OR = 6.67 with 95% CI = 2.35 <OR <18.92. From the results of multivariate analysis, dominant variables as the cause of the incidence of urinary tract stones are long lived with the OR = 3.893, and the consumption of water per day with a value of OR = 3.487. Conclusion : The conclution of the research is concluded as the cause of occurrence of urinary tract stones is the length of stay and the consumption of water per day. Key words : urinary tract stones, water resources, length of stay,Songgom distric.