Henrique Dantas Neder

Pobreza e distribuição de renda em áreas rurais: uma abordagem de inferência

The work develops applications of methodologies for the estimation of poverty indexes and income distribution in rural areas, being considered the sample errors of the National Survey for Household Sampling - PNADs. Are obtained estimates with confidence intervals for several indicators and for several rural areas of Brazil and stressed the areas where it was observed significant alterations in the poor proportion, poverty intensity and income distribution in the period 1995- 2001. The results of the estimates point for the occurrence of significant and positive variation in the poverty indicators in States of Sao Paulo, Pernambuco, Alagoas and significant fall of the same indicators in Ceara, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Goias. A significant fall was verified in the same period in the income concentration of the rural areas of Tocantins, Piaui, Paraiba, rural metropolitan area, rural Northeast area, rural metropolitan Northeast area and rural metropolitan South area and in the states of Sao Paulo, Parana and Ceara, a significant elevation of the value of Gini index was verified. With base in calculated values of poverty elasticities was possible to establish an evaluation of the rural areas of the country in terms of combat effectiveness to the poverty based on growth and distributives policies.

Juventude(s): desocupação, pobreza e escolaridade

This article analyses unemployment among young people, both poor and not poor, as well as the major difficulties faced by poor young people in job hunting. The results obtained reveal that poor young people face more difficulties than the not poor young people in obtaining a job. Besides, the main disadvantage faced by poor young people is their low level of education. Nevertheless, in a striking way, the unemployment rate doesn’t show a reduction among the most educated poor young people, unlike the situation for the not poor young people.

The effects of non-agricultural activities on income distribution in rural Brazil

The growth of non-agricultural activity since the 1980s has reconfigured the economic and social dynamic in Brazilx92s rural areas. Our paper intends to describe the impact of this growth on income distribution in rural Brazil. We made use of a method of decomposition of two indicators of income distribution applied to1992 and 1999 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) data: the variation coefficient and the Gini index. It was observed that non-agricultural activities have increased the concentration of rural income and that this phenomenon is more prominent in Region I (states of Brazilx92s Northeast and the state of Tocantins) and Region IV (states of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul and the Distrito Federal). It was found that the income concentrating effect of each non-agricultural activity branch (commerce, transformation industry, administration, service) differed by region. In Region I, income from the Social/Public Administration and Other Activities branch (a PNAD designation) presents a coefficient of relative concentration greater than a unit, which indicates that income from this activities branch acts to increase the concentration of non-agricultural income in this region. In Region IV, income from industrial activities and from Social/ Public Administration and Other Activities both present coefficients of relative concentration greater than a unit; therefore, both branches act to increase the concentration of income from non-agricultural activities in this region.

Efeitos do Pronaf Sobre a Pobreza Rural no Brasil (2001-2009)

The objective of this work is to analyze the effects of National Program for Strengthening of Family Agriculture (Pronaf) in rural economic growth and income inequality in Brazil in the 2001-2009 period. For this, it is estimated (through dynamic panel model: GMM-System) income-Pronaf and inequality- Pronaf elasticities. The work assumes that the variable Pronaf does not directly affect poverty and it does so from the variation of income and/or changes in income distribution. The literature review indicated that an increase in per capita income and a decrease in the Gini coefficient lead to a reduction of rural poverty, and a positive change in Pronaf credits leads to an increase in per capita household income and a decrease in the income concentration. The estimates for rural Brazilian indicate that: i) the increase in per capita income or decrease in income inequality tend to reduce poverty; ii) the effect of Pronaf on the average per capita income and income inequality is conditioned by the socioeconomic specifics of observation units, and iii) the expenses of Pronaf tend to indirectly reduce poverty by increasing the average income of farmers and reducing the income concentration.

Alternative Approaches of Land Tenure Restructuring in Brazil: Market-Assisted Intervention (MAAR) versus Land Expropriation-Distribution (TAR)

This paper presents a summary of main results of evaluation studies of performance of Cedula da Terra (MAAR) and INCRA (TAR) Agrarian Reform Projects. Moreover, it focus on the comparison between the two governance structures regarding Williamson discussion on remediableness. The paper provides an analytical characterization of the governance mechanisms of each program, with a particular focus on distinctive features regarding: (a) beneficiary selection mechanisms; (b) selection and access to key assets, in particular to land and money; (c) incentives to associative undertakings (key to overcome well-known restrictions faced by small family farmers). Our results do confirm that market-assisted approach has achieved most of its short-term goals: poor communities were able to purchase arable land at market prices with noticeable welfare gains. These findings provides a case to argue that the structures of governance of agrarian reform programs are indeed shaping distinctive organizations and incentives, which are likely to produce different long-term performances.

Acesso à Renda e Inflação de Preços de Alimentos no Brasil: análise dos efeitos do programa Bolsa Família

In this work we analyze the effects of the Bolsa Familia program on food security in Brazil, considering the food inflation from the late 2000s. The evaluation of the impact of this program was performed from the identification of the pattern of food consumption of families potentially benefited from it (using POF data), in order to check its potential purchase, considering the inflationary process cited. The data presented indicate effective action to combat hunger policy from Lula government, but it is insufficient to solve the problem of food deprivation in a structural and permanent sense: even if all the poor and extremely poor families receive the benefit of Bolsa Familia program, yet there would be no guarantees for Food Security.

Social Inclusion in Rural Brazil under Lula

Historically, the rural population, rural areas and agriculture in general have been neglected economically, socially and politically in Brazil. As a consequence, the development gap between rural and urban territories widened throughout most of the twentieth century. Until quite recently, the massive concentration of poverty and extreme poverty in rural areas has been a key feature of Brazilian ‘urban industrial’ society. The Brazilian countryside is still stigmatized by certain features, such as highly skewed income and land tenure distribution; massive exploitation of an unprotected workforce, including children and ‘modern’ forms of slave labor; and landless workers struggling to survive amid the wide expansion of idle land held by private ownership. However, this picture is rapidly changing.

DESIGUALDADE DOS RENDIMENTOS DO TRABALHO: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO PARA AS REGIÕES NORDESTE E SUDESTE DO BRASIL

Seculo XXI, e o Brasil ainda e uma das sociedades mais desiguais do Planeta. A discrepância e acentuada mesmo quando se considera o rendimento do trabalho em todo o territorio; no Nordeste, por exemplo, os indices de concentracao de renda superam os do Sudeste. Neste artigo investigamos as principais variaveis explicativas para desigualdade total dos rendimentos do trabalho nessas regioes por meio da analise de variância. Os resultados revelaram que as variaveis nivel de escolaridade e posicao na ocupacao contribuiram muito para tal desigualdade. Logo, elevar o nivel de escolaridade das pessoas permite um melhor posicionamento na fila de individuos em busca de emprego. Contudo, realocar a participacao das pessoas na ocupacao segundo a posicao e tambem crucial: se a elevacao do nivel de escolaridade dos individuos pode ser obtida mediante uma politica publica educacional, alteracoes na proporcao de pessoas segundo a posicao na ocupacao se revelam tarefa muito mais dificil, que exige redefinicao na politica industrial - na verdade, na politica de desenvolvimento - para promover determinadas atividades economicas fundamentais a geracao de bons postos de trabalho.

DIFERENCIAIS DE RENDIMENTOS ENTRE ASSALARIADOS NO BRASIL RECENTE

This article aims to identify whether the changes in the characteristics of the Economically Active Population (PEA) are crucial to explain the trajectory of the average real income and its gaps in the period 1995-2009, among persons who have 4, 8, 11, 15 years of study or more. The methodology of simulation used is an adaptation of the exercise performed by Langoni (1973). The simulations were performed for the period 1995-1999 and then to the interval from 2004 to 2009. From these simulations, the average income for the employees who have completed the various stages of formal education are estimated by the scale effect (linked to changes in PEA) and the income effect (associated with individual income). The results of the simulations indicated that the income effect dominated in the interval from 1995 to 1999. That is, the greater proportion of the reduction in real average income for nearly all employees who have completed stages of the educational cycles is mainly due to the changes in individual income per se . The exercise of simulation for the period 2004-2009 revealed that the magnitude of the income effect outweighs the scale effect. During this period, the increase in real income is due more to changes in individual incomes than to changes in the structure of the workforce. In summary, in the interval from 1995 to 2009, the factors that acted on individual incomes are more crucial to understanding the path of wages and its gaps between employees studied.