Inmaculada González-Ponce

Perceived coach-created and peer-created motivational climates and their associations with team cohesion and athlete satisfaction: evidence from a longitudinal study.

Abstract In this longitudinal study, we examined the extent to which perceived coach- and peer-created motivational climates are associated with athlete-group cohesion and satisfaction with participation among Spanish soccer players competing in the Third National Division. Multilevel modelling analyses showed that perceived coach-created task climate was positively related to perceived cohesion and players’ satisfaction with their participation within their team. Also, perceived peer-created task climate related positively to perceived cohesion. The results indicate the importance of considering peer-related aspects of the motivational climate in addition to considering the coach-related aspects of the motivational climate when examining motivational group dynamics in sport.

Incidence of Parental Support and Pressure on Their Children’s Motivational Processes towards Sport Practice Regarding Gender

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, structural equation modeling (SEM) with the aim of examining how parental support/pressure could influence their children´s motivational processes in sport was conducted, as well as the models´ differences in operability regarding gender. The sample size was 321 children ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old who were athletes from Extremadura, and 321 parents (included only the father or mother more involved with the sport of his or her child). 175 participants were male and 146 were female from individual (n = 130), and team sports (n=191). A questionnaire was conducted to assess parental perception of support/pressure and another questionnaire was conducted to measure satisfaction of basic psychological needs, type of motivation and enjoyment/boredom showed by their children towards sport practice. Results revealed that parental pressure negatively predicted satisfaction of the basic psychological needs. It also emerged as a strong positive predictor of intrinsic motivation and negative predictor of amotivation. Moreover, intrinsic motivation emerged as positive predictor of enjoyment and a negative predictor of boredom, whereas amotivation positively predicted boredom and negatively predicted enjoyment. Furthermore, results showed there were mean differences by gender: male athletes perceived greater parental pressure. Hence, it is necessary to decrease parental pressure towards their children in sport, with the aim of making them more motivated and enjoy, promoting positive consequences.

Adaptation and validation in Spanish of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) with professional football players

BACKGROUND This investigation presents two studies with the goal of adapting and validating a short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire in the Spanish sport context with professional players. METHOD Study 1 used a sample of 377 male soccer players aged between 18 and 39 years ( M = 24.51, SD = 3.73), in a preliminary study using exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 used a sample of 604 professional male and female athletes, ages between 15 and 38 years ( M = 24.34, SD = 4.03). The data analyzed were collected at three moments of the season. For each measurement, we developed seven first- and second-order structures that were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS Study 1 indicated appropriate factorial validity (> .60) and internal consistency (> .70), with only Item 3 presenting a low factor loading (.11), so its drafting was modified in the next study. Study 2 revealed that the Spanish version of the GEQ has high levels of internal consistency (> .70) and acceptable fit index values in its original four first-order factor structure in all three measurements ( χ²/df = 4.39, CFI = .95, IFI = .95, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04, AIC = 271.09). Discriminant validity (from r = .45 to r = .72) and concurrent validity (from r = .21 to r = .60) also presented appropriate values. Lastly, we conducted analysis of invariance, confirming that the models established in the different measurements were invariant. CONCLUSIONS The short 12-item adaptation of the GEQ to Spanish is a valid and reliable instrument to measure team cohesion in professional male and female soccer players.

Analizando la implicacion deportiva en jovenes jugadores de baloncesto: Un análisis desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación

A traves del siguiente trabajo se pretendio comprobar la implicacion deportiva de los jovenes jugadores de baloncesto, analizando la importancia de los otros significativos sobre los aspectos motivacionales, y como estas variables podian determinar dicha implicacion en el baloncesto. 284 jugadores de baloncesto con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 anos completaron diferentes cuestionarios encaminados a analizar estas variables. Los resultados indican como el clima motivacional creado por el entrenador, padres y companeros predice positivamente la satisfaccion la motivacion intrinseca a traves de la satisfaccion de las necesidades psicologicas basicas, y como la motivacion intrinseca predice la implicacion en la practica deportiva. Como conclusion, destacar la importancia que adquieren los comportamientos de los otros significativos (padres, entrenador y companeros) en los procesos motivacionales de los jugadores de baloncesto, comprobando la relevancia de estos aspectos para explicar la implicacion hacia el baloncesto.

Adaptación y validación de un cuestionario para valorar la motivación en el contexto deportivo

The aim of this study was to adapt and validate into the sport context the Motivational Questionnaire in Physical Education (CMEF), ba- sed on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and developed to be used in the educative domain, to assess the intrinsic motivation, identified, introyected, external and amotivation. Thus, 985 athletes, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old ( M = 14.34; SD = 2.52), both male and female belonged to 24 different sport modalities, participated in the study. Results showed that the scale with five factors correlated had an adequate factorial validity through the fit index, with positive relationships between types of motivation more self-determined and negative relations with the amotivation, ranging from - ,21 to ,74. In addition, acceptable internal consistency values (Ω > .70) were obtained and an invariance analysis taking into account the minimum modifications obtained in ∆CFI was conducted. Besides, the discriminant validity of the factors was satisfactory. Therefore, this research provides a new instrument that allows examining the types of motivational regulation that the adoles-The aim of this study was to adapt and validate into the sport context the Motivational Questionnaire in Physical Education (CMEF), based on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and developed to be used in the educative domain, to assess the intrinsic motivation, identified, introyected, external and amotivation. Thus, 985 athletes, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old (M = 14.34; SD = 2.52), both male and female belonged to 24 different sport modalities, participated in the study. Results showed that the scale with five factors correlated had an adequate factorial validity through the fit index, with positive relationships between types of motivation more self-determined and negative relations with the amotivation, ranging from ,21 to ,74. In addition, acceptable internal consistency values (Ω > .70) were obtained and an invariance analysis taking into account the minimum modifications obtained in ∆CFI was conducted. Besides, the discriminant validity of the factors was satisfactory. Therefore, this research provides a new instrument that allows examining the types of motivational regulation that the adolescents have to participate in sport.

Análisis de los procesos grupales en función del género en un contexto deportivo semiprofesional

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias de genero existentes en relacion al clima motivacional de los companeros y el entrenador, la cohesion y la eficacia colectiva. Los participantes fueron 75 jugadoresde futbol de tercera division masculina y 69 jugadoras de segunda division femenina, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 36 anos. Los resultados revelaron que los equipos femeninos obtuvieron valores mas elevados enla cohesion social que los equipos masculinos, mientras que los equipos masculinos percibieron un mayor clima con implicacion al ego entre los companeros en comparacion con los equipos femeninos. Por otro lado, tanto en equipos masculinos como femeninos, la eficacia colectiva se relaciono con la cohesion y el clima que implica a la tarea de los companeros y el entrenador.Ademas, la cohesion a la tarea se mostro como el mayor predictor de la eficacia colectiva. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se exponen las principales conclusiones del estudio.

Athletes’ perceptions of coaching competency and team conflict in sport teams: A multilevel analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coaching competency and team conflict, at individual and team levels, over the season. The participants were professional female and male soccer players, who participated in the First and Second Division. A longitudinal study was performed. At Time 1, the sample of participants consisted of 581 soccer players aged between 15 and 39 years. At Time 2, 549 players were recruited from the original sample aged between 15 and 37 years. Finally, at Time 3, the sample comprised 576 players aged between 15 and 37 years. All participants completed a multi-section questionnaire assessing coaching competency (motivation, game strategy, technique competency, and character-building competency) and team conflict (task conflict and relationship conflict). Results showed that both task and relationship conflict increased significantly over time. Multilevel modelling analysis showed that game strategy and character-building competencies negatively predicted both task and relationship conflicts at the individual level, whereas motivation competency was also added as a significant predictor of task conflict at the team level. Moreover, technique competency positively predicted task conflict at the team level. The current study suggests the importance of coaching competency in group dynamics in sport.

Role Ambiguity: Translation to Spanish and Analysis of Scale Structure

The main objective of this study is to examine the structure of the Role Ambiguity Framework and a validation into Spanish of the Role Ambiguity Scale with professional players. We employed a sample of 604 male and female professional athletes, aged between 15 and 38 years. To find the best solution of the questionnaire’s factor structure, a set of different models was tested. Data analysis showed that bifactor-ESEM (exploratory structural equation modeling) solution provided the best degree of fit to the data. Furthermore, reliability and invariance across gender were also demonstrated, and the scale showed good concurrent validity. Results suggest that the structure of the Role Ambiguity is composed with one second-order factor and three first-order factors: scope-behavior, evaluation, and consequences. In addition, the adaptation of this scale to Spanish is a valid and reliable instrument to measure role ambiguity in male and female players.

Effects of an intervention with teachers in the physical education context: A Self-Determination Theory approach

Framed within Self-Determination Theory, the purpose of the present study was to test the effects of a training program with physical education (PE) teachers. Participants were 21 high school PE teachers (experimental group, n = 10; control group, n = 11), and their 836 students, aged 12 to 16 years. Teachers in the experimental group received a training program consisting of strategies to support autonomy, competence, and relatedness need satisfaction. A repeated measures ANCOVA was carried out for each dependent variable. After the intervention, students in the experimental group significantly increased their scores on autonomy support, relatedness support, autonomy satisfaction, autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and intention to be physically active, as compared to the control group. These findings emphasize the utility of a training program with PE teachers to promote the students’ psychological need satisfaction, and hence, self-determined motivation toward PE classes.

Adaptação e validação de um questionário para avaliar a motivação no contexto desportivo

The aim of this study was to adapt and validate into the sport context the Motivational Questionnaire in Physical Education (CMEF), ba- sed on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and developed to be used in the educative domain, to assess the intrinsic motivation, identified, introyected, external and amotivation. Thus, 985 athletes, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old ( M = 14.34; SD = 2.52), both male and female belonged to 24 different sport modalities, participated in the study. Results showed that the scale with five factors correlated had an adequate factorial validity through the fit index, with positive relationships between types of motivation more self-determined and negative relations with the amotivation, ranging from - ,21 to ,74. In addition, acceptable internal consistency values (Ω > .70) were obtained and an invariance analysis taking into account the minimum modifications obtained in ∆CFI was conducted. Besides, the discriminant validity of the factors was satisfactory. Therefore, this research provides a new instrument that allows examining the types of motivational regulation that the adoles-The aim of this study was to adapt and validate into the sport context the Motivational Questionnaire in Physical Education (CMEF), based on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and developed to be used in the educative domain, to assess the intrinsic motivation, identified, introyected, external and amotivation. Thus, 985 athletes, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years old (M = 14.34; SD = 2.52), both male and female belonged to 24 different sport modalities, participated in the study. Results showed that the scale with five factors correlated had an adequate factorial validity through the fit index, with positive relationships between types of motivation more self-determined and negative relations with the amotivation, ranging from ,21 to ,74. In addition, acceptable internal consistency values (Ω > .70) were obtained and an invariance analysis taking into account the minimum modifications obtained in ∆CFI was conducted. Besides, the discriminant validity of the factors was satisfactory. Therefore, this research provides a new instrument that allows examining the types of motivational regulation that the adolescents have to participate in sport.