J. C. V. N. A. Pereira

EFEITO DO NITROGÊNIO NO CULTIVO DE FEIJÃO IRRIGADO NO INVERNO

An experiment was conducted at three localities, namely, Ribeirao Preto (Latosolic B Terra Roxa), Votuporanga (Dark red latossol sandy phase) and Pindorama (Podzolic Lins-Marilia), in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objetive was to evaluate the response of nitrogen on irrigated dry beans during a two year period at Ribeirao Preto and Votuporanga (1990, 1991) and in Pindorama (1992, 1993). The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks design with five replications. The results showed that the yield of irrigated dry beans in the winter can be increased adding nitrogen. The sprint application is recommendable for the low fertility soil (Pindorama). The combination of N applied to the soil and on the leaves was more effective than that only on the leaves. The single dose applied at the 25th day after germination was more effective than the one aplied at the sowing date.

PROPRIEDADES DO SOLO E SISTEMA RADICULAR DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM ROTAÇÃO DE CULTURAS

Root system growth of the common bean, variety IAC-Carioca, under center pivot irrigation in rotation with fallow; corn; black oat; sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.); pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) was evaluated during a non-conventional (Autumn - Winter) cultivation period, from 1993 to 1995, on a typic Haplorthox soil, at an experimental area of the Instituto Agronomico, in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The crop sequences of common bean with corn and green manure reduced the soil resistance to penetration into the ploughed layer; maintained the normal contents of the soil organic matter; reduced acidity and increased the base saturation index in depth, in relation to the initial content. The basic infiltration rate was increased with the inclusion of velvet bean, sunn hemp and corn in the crop sequence. Effective root depth (80% of the total) was around 0.35 to 0.40 m.

TESTE E ANÁLISE DE MODELOS AGROMETEOROLÓGICOS DE ESTIMATIVA DE PRODUTIVIDADE PARA A CULTURA DA SOJA NA REGIÃO DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO

The agrometeorological models allow better knowledge of the quantitative influence of the climatic conditions, such as drought effects on the soybean development and grain production. A good model requires the evaluation of the sensitivity indices and test for a specific variety and region. Phenological and yield data were taken from planting date experiments conducted at Ribeirao Preto, Instituto Agronomico Experimental Station during four growing seasons. Three cultivars were considered according the maturation group: IAC-13 (early), IAC-12 (semi-early) and IAC-11 (median). Additive and multiplicative type models were tested based upon the penalization of the crop yield potential according the ER/EP relation (actual/potential evapotranspiration) and water excess, derived by a 10-day soil water balance, occurred during four growth stages. Based on the models statistics, additive and multiplicative type models presented similar performance. The model which considers penalization including water excess presented the best performance for the three maturation groups, with R2 of 0.69 and d-index of agreement of 0.85 for the IAC-13 (early) cultivar; R2 of 0.72 and d-index of 0.73 for the IAC-12 (semi early) cultivar; and for the IAC-11 (median) cultivar, R2 of 0.79 and d-index of 0.73. Index terms: soybean, growth stage, soil water balance, agrometeorological models, crop production.

Efeito de adubos potássicos na produção de soja

Um experimento de adubos potassicos (KC1, K2SO4, K-Mag e vinhaca) foi conduzido durante tres anos agricolas em quatro classes de solo: Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo Orto (PV), Latossolo Roxo distrofico (LR), Latossolo Vermelho Escuro textura media (LE) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo textura media (LV). Os tres primeiros adubos foram aplicados somente no primeiro cultivo da soja na dose de 150kg/ha de K2O a lanco e incorporados, enquanto a vinhaca foi aplicada anualmente na dose de 50.000 l/ha, um pouco antes de semeadura da soja. Os resultados mostraram que os cultivos sucessivos diminuiram gradativamente os teores de potassio tanto no solo como nas folhas. No segundo ano de cultivo em LV houve respostas positivas da cultura da soja ao uso de potassio, enquanto em PV, no terceiro ano. Entretanto, nao se observaram diferencas entre os adubos. O cultivar IAC-9 mostrou alta capacidade extratora de K como de Ca e Mg.

RENDIMENTO DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM ROTAÇÃO COM CULTURAS GRANÍFERAS E ADUBOS VERDES

An experiment was carried out from May 1992 to January 1996 to study the residual effect of grain and green manure crops on the grain yield of irrigated common bean, variety IAC-Carioca. The experiment was installed at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronomico, at Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in a typic Haplorthox soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six treatments and six replications. The rotation schemes consisted of irrigated common bean from July to December, followed by an early variety of corn, from December to April and by fallow, corn, oats (Avena strigosa), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and velvet beans (Mucuna aterrima), from March to August. The soil nutrient contents at 0-20 cm depth, were reduced during the three year period, being normal for organic matter and medium for phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The medium to high acidity level did not restrict the grain yield of common beans. The inclusion of velvet bean, sunnhemp and corn in rotation with common bean and corn is feasible. These crops produced the greatest amounts of green matter. The basic infiltration rate of the soil was also increased. There was an effect of the rotations during the years with the inclusion of velvet bean, in the non-conventional Autumn-Winter season, which increased the grain yield of irrigated common beans in relation to the fallow treatment.

EFEITO DA CALAGEM SOBRE A PRODUTIVIDADE DE GRÃOS, ÓLEO E PROTEÍNA EM CULTIVARES PRECOCES DE SOJA

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of liming on the yield of four early varieties of soybeans. The experiment was conducted on a Red Yellow Podzolic soil during three years, in which the last two years the residual effect of liming was studied. A split plot design was used, in which the main plots consisted of liming (0, 4, 8 and 12 t/ha) and the sub-plots the early varieties (IAC-13, IAS-5, BR-4 and BR-6). The results showed that independent of varieties, liming increased the soybean yield, decreased the oil content and increased the protein content. Concerning the average of three years, independent of liming levels, the variety BR-4 produced the greatest quantity of oil and protein (444 and 709 kg/ha). The ratio protein/oil was similar among the four cultivars studied.

RESPOSTA DA APLICAÇÃO DE MICRONUTRIENTES NO CULTIVO DE FEIJÃO IRRIGADO NO INVERNO

An experiment was conducted at three localities, Ribeirao Preto (Latosolic B Terra Roxa), Votuporanga (Dark red latossol sandy phase) and Pindorama (Podzolic Lins-Marilia), in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the response of micronutrients on irrigated dry beans during a two year period at Ribeirao Preto and Votuporanga (1990, 1991) and in the next two years in Pindorama. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with five replications. Treatments were: check, 20 kg ha-1 of borogram (8% B); 20 kg ha-1 of zincogram (20% Zn); 30 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR-12 and 60 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR-12 all applied in the soil. The foliar application of macronutrients consisted of: N (1 kg ha-1 ), P (0,5 kg ha-1), K (1,4 kg ha-1), which were sprayed 15, 25 and 35 days after emergence. An additional treatment consisted of NPK plus micronutrients (Mo, B and Zn) which was applied during the same period. The results showed that the yield of irrigated dry beans in the winter can be increased using the mixture of micronutrients (30 kg ha-1 FTE-BR-12). The aplication of micronutrients including molibdeniun increase the concentration of nitrogen in the leaves of dry beans, in the case of low fertility soils, as in Pindorama.

INFLUÊNCIA DE HERBICIDAS APLICADOS EM CONDIÇÕES DE PÓS-EMEGÊNCIA NO CRESCIMENTO DA PLANTA E FIXAÇÃO SIMBIÓTICA DO NITROGÊNIO NA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM

Seed inoculation need and post-emergence herbicide effects, in the presence of endemic rhizobia population, were studied on plant growth, nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and grain yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Tatu) in a dark red latosol of Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. The experiment was a split-plot design with the main plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The effect of seed inoculation with recommended strains was studied in the main plots. Within each plot the effect of the herbicides was studied: fomesafen (250 g/ha), lactofen (192 g/ha), fluazifop-p-butyl (187 g/ha), haloxifop-methyl (240 g/ha) and fomesafen (250 g/ha) + fluazifop-p-butyl (187 g/ha) mixture applied in post-emergence. There was no herbicide effect on root dry weight. The shoot dry weight was higher when fomesafen, and mainly lactofen, were applied. Nodulation was affected only at 28 DAT, and nodule dry weight and nodules number were adversely affected by fluazifop-p-butyl. Inoculation treatment affected nitrogenase activity, which was higher with inoculated seed treatment. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation decreased four hours after herbicide treatment, fluazifop-p-butyl and haloxifop-methyl having been the most depressive. Seed inoculation did not affect grain yield indicating there is no need of this treatment when there is endemic rhizobia population. Peanut grain yield was affected by herbicides. The highest grain yield was observed with fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl mixture and with fomesafen and lactofen.

Estimativa da produtividade potencial de cultivares de soja nas condições climáticas de Ribeirão Preto, SP

The lack of complete information on the yield potential for different soybean cultivars is the major limiting factor for the utilization of agrometeorological models to predict crop yield. A model proposed by FAO was modified including a factor refering to excess of rainfall. Estimates of potential yield was made, as a function of planting date of experiments conducted at Ribeirao Preto Experimental Station during eight consecutive years using the main soybean cultivars grown in the State of Sao Paulo. The cultivars IAC-8, IAC-10, IAC-11 and IAC-12 showed greater yield potential when sowed in September-October. The IAC-11 showed the yield potential of up to 5,500kg/ha. On the other hand the cultivars Santa Rosa, IAC-13 and Parana showed higher yield potential when sowed in October-November.

ADUBAÇÃO DO AMENDOIM (Arachis hypogaea L.) EM ÁREA DE REFORMA DE CANAVIAL

Six field experiments were carried out during four growing seasons (86/87; 87/88; 88/89; 89/90) in order to study the availability of the residual fertilization effect of the sugar cane crop on the peanut crop. The treatments consisted of applications of 0, 30, 60, and 90Kg/ha of P2O5 as triple superphosphate and 0 and 30Kg/ha of K2O as potassium chloride, arranged in a randomized complete block design. The seeds were innoculated with selected Bradyrhizobium bacteria (SMS-729, SMS-400, SMS-438) as source of nitrogen. The soils were not limed. Fertilizer effect was observed in a sandy and a clayey soil, of Artur Nogueira-SP, Brazil and Campinas-SP, Brazil, respectively. No fertilizing effect in peanut production was observed for the other locations. It can be concluded that the fertilizer applied to sugar cane was sufficient to furnish the nutrients necessary for the peanut crop, even at the medium and low soil fertility conditions.