José Anchieta de Araujo

Farelo de trigo na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de recria

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusao de farelo de trigo (FT) na racao sobre o desempenho de frangas semipesadas nas fases de recria 1 (7 a 14 semanas de idade) e recria 2 (15 a 19 semanasde idade) e seu efeito residual durante a fase inicial de producao de ovos. Foram utilizadas 160 frangas Lohmann Brown distribuidas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro niveis de FT na racao: 0 (controle), 10, 20 e 30%, que resultaram em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repeticoes de oito aves na fase de recria 1. Ao completarem 14 semanas, as aves foram transferidas para gaiolas de arame galvanizado, redistribuidas em seis repeticoes de seis aves. Utilizaram-se 144 aves e descartaram-se, aleatoriamente, quatro aves por tratamento, constituindo a fase de recria 2. A adicao de FT diminuiu linearmente o peso vivo final e o ganho de peso, resultando em reducoes de 1,15 e 0,03 g, respectivamente, para cada 1% de inclusao de FT na racao. O consumo de agua aumentou de forma quadratica e cresceu, em valores absolutos, com o aumento de 0 a 30% de farelo de trigo. A cada aumento de 1% de FT na racao, a idade das aves ao primeiro ovo elevou aproximadamente 0,6 dia e o peso do ovo em 0,22 g. A inclusao de farelo de trigo na racao reduz a taxa de crescimento de frangas, atrasa o inicio da postura, mas melhora o peso inicial dos ovos em relacao a dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja.

Effect of the levels of calcium and particle size of limestone on laying hens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of levels of calcium (Ca) and particle size of limestone (LS) for laying hens. It was used 216 Dekalb White laying hens at 25 to 49 weeks of age in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of three levels of calcium (3.92, 4.02 and 4.12%) and two particle sizes of limestone (thin - 0.60 mm; and thick - 1.00 mm), resulting in 6 treatments with six replicates of six birds. There was no significant effect of levels of calcium and limestone particle size neither of the interaction calcium × particle size for feed intake, egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness, shell percentage, Haugh unit, calcium and phosphorus digestibility and percentage of digestive tract. Production, mass, conversion by mass and conversion by egg dozen had their best results with 4.12% of calcium in the diet. Percentage of gizzard and feed intake observed at 3:00 p.m. improved as limestone granulometry improved from 0.60 to 1.00 mm. There was an interaction effect among calcium level and limestone granulometry for breaking strength of tibia, bone density, length of the small intestine and feed intake at 6:00 a.m.; 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., respectively. It is recommended the addition of 4.12% of calcium and limestone in the thick granulometry (1.00 mm) for a better performance of commercial laying hens. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the alteration of nutritional behavior of laying hens in response to changes in the levels of calcium and in the granulometry of limestone in the rations.

Relação cálcio:fósforo disponível e níveis de fitase para poedeiras semipesadas no primeiro e segundo ciclos de postura

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the calcium (Ca):available phosphorus (aP) ratio and the level of phytase in the first and second posture cycle. In the first posture cycle, 128 birds were distributed to a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, composed of three Ca:aP ratio [14:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.30% aP), 12:1 (3.5% Ca and 0.30% aP), and 9:1 (3.5% Ca and 0.38% aP)], two levels of phytase (0 and 600 Phytase Units - PU) and a Ca:aP control [11:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.38% aP)]. In the second posture cycle, 240 birds were distributed to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of two Ca (3.5 and 4.2%), two aP (0.30 and 0.38%) levels and two phytase levels (0 and 600 PU). In the first posture cycle, among birds fed diets without phytase, the greater eggs weight was obtained with 9:1 Ca:aP ratio and the smaller, with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio. The best eggs mass and feed conversion by eggs mass (FCEM) were observed in birds fed a diet with 14:1 Ca:Pd ratio and worse, with the ration with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio. In birds fed diet with phytase, the best FCEM was obtained with 12:1 Ca:aP ratio and worse, with 9:1 Ca:aP ratio. In the second posture cycle, the diet consumption decreased with increasing levels of calcium (3.5 to 4.2%), available phosphorus (0.30 to 0.38%) and phytase (0 to 600 PU). Feed conversion by eggs mass or per dozen eggs improved, respectively, with increasing levels of available phosphorus and phytase, while specific gravity improved with the increase of dietary calcium level. For laying hens in the first posture cycle, it is recommended 14:1 (4.2% Ca:0.30% Pd) ratio without phytase and 12:1 (3.5% Ca:0.30% Pd) ratio with 600 PU and, for birds in the second posture cycle, it is recommended 14:1 (4.2% Ca and 0.38% Pd) ratio. The supplementation of diets deficient in available phosphorus with 600 PU improves egg weight in the second posture cycle.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de produção

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) with or without supplementation of an enzymatic complex (EC) on the performance of semi-heavy hens in the egg-production phase. A total of 288 Lohmann Brown pullets were used, distributed to a completely randomized design in 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed by four WB levels (0, 3, 6 and 9%) in the ration and enzymatic complex supplementation (0 or 100g/100 kg diet), with eight treatments and six replicates of six birds. The enzymatic complex contained the enzymes b-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase and a-glucanase. Feed intake, final body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg mass feed conversion or egg dozen feed conversion was not affected by WB inclusion in the diets. Egg shell specific gravity deteriorated as WB levels increase in the diets. None of the characteristics was affected by the enzymatic complex supplementation, except for egg weight, that improved from 62.74 to 64.28 g. Then, the use up to 9.0% of wheat bran in the ration is recommended for semi-heavily chickens in the production phase. The supplementation of a-galactosidase, galactomannanase, xylanase and a-glucanase improve egg weight.

Influência da interação fósforo disponível × fitase da dieta sobre o desempenho, os níveis plasmáticos de fósforo e os parâmetros ósseos de poedeiras comerciais

Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar a interacao fosforo disponivel (Pd) × fitase (UF) da dieta sobre o desempenho, os niveis plasmaticos de fosforo e os parâmetros osseos de poedeiras. No experimento 1, utilizaram-se 240 aves com 40 semanas de idade distribuidas em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco niveis de fosforo disponivel (0,094; 0,194; 0,294; 0,394 e 0,494%) e dois de fitase (0 e 300 unidades de fitase - UF). No experimento 2, utilizaram-se 288 aves com 44 semanas de idade, distribuidas tambem em esquema fatorial 3 × 4, composto de tres niveis de fosforo disponivel (0,094; 0,294 e 0,494%) e quatro de fitase (0; 300; 600 e 1.200 UF). No experimento 1, nao houve interacao fosforo disponivel × fitase, mas o nivel de fosforo disponivel influenciou, de forma quadratica, a producao (PR) e a massa (MO) de ovos, os niveis plasmaticos de fosforo e a conversao por massa de ovos (CMO) e, de forma linear, o teor de cinzas na tibia (CT) e a resistencia ossea (RO). A adicao de 300 UF elevou a disponibilidade do fosforo (de 4,034 para 4,784 mg/dL), o teor de CT (de 41,55 para 42,90%) e a resistencia ossea (de 9,678 para 11,135 kgf/mm). No experimento 2, a producao aumentou de forma linear com os niveis de fosforo disponivel da racao, que aumentaram linearmente com o aumento do nivel de fitase. Os teores de cinzas na tibia aumentaram ate o nivel de 567 UF. O aumento do fosforo disponivel no nivel de 600 UF melhorou de forma linear a massa de ovos, a conversao por massa de ovos e a conversao por duzia de ovos. A suplementacao da racao com menor teor de fosforo disponivel (0,094%) com 300 a 1.200 UF melhorou a resistencia ossea das aves. Poedeiras exigem em media 0,31 a 0,34% Pd. A adicao de 300 UF ou o aumento do fosforo disponivel em racoes com 600 UF melhora a conversao por massa de ovos. A suplementacao de racoes deficientes em fosforo disponivel com pelo menos 300 UF aumenta os niveis plasmaticos de fosforo, os teores de cinzas na tibia e a resistencia ossea de poedeiras comerciais.

Efeito da substituição dos antimicrobianos pelo ovo desidratado na fase pré-inicial de frangas de dois grupos genéticos alojadas em camas nova e reciclada

The effect of antimicrobial (A) replacement with dehydrated egg (DE) and of type of litter (new and recycled) used in the floor covering on pullet performance was evaluated in 1,440 1-d chicks, 720 of each strain (White and Brown), allotted to 72 boxes (1 x 1.5 m). Recycled litter consisted of sugar cane bagasse containing droppings of broilers chicks with symptoms of coccidiose. The pullets were weighed and assigned to a complete randomized design with a 3 x 2 x 2 (three diets x two litter x two strains) factorial arrangement, in a total of 12 treatments with six replications of 20 pullets. The experimental diets (D) were: D1 = diet with commercial dose of antimicrobial; D2 = diet without antimicrobial; and D3 = diet without antimicrobial + 0.6% of DE. DE was composed by dehydrated yolk+albumen (55°C for 72 hours) and showed negative result to Samonella spp. test. The use of recycled litter decreased pullet performance of two genetic groups, specially the Brown ones, that showed lower weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. This fact suggests better enlargement of lymphoid tissues, and that probably explains the smaller tolerance of White pullets to recycled litter. The antimicrobials minimize negative effect of recycled litter on pullet performance. Dehydrated egg is a good alternative to antimicrobials and can improve performance of pullets in the pre-starter on conventional environment.

Exigência de sódio para poedeiras no final do primeiro ciclo e durante o segundo ciclo de postura

Two experiments were carried out to estimate sodium requirements for brown-eggs laying hens in the late first and during second egg-production cycle. A completely randomized design was used, with seven sodium levels (0.08, 0.13, 0.18, 0.23, 0.28, 0.33 and 0.38%), six replications of six birds in the late first egg-production cycle and five replications of six birds in the second egg-production cycle. In the late first egg-production cycle, sodium levels (SL) had no effect on feed intake (FI), egg weight (EW), egg dozen feed conversion (EDC) and egg-shell specific gravity (SG). The SL showed quadratic effect on egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and egg mass feed conversion (EMC), that resulting in sodium requirements (SR) of 0.21, 0.22 and 0.21%, respectively. In the second egg-production cycle, SL had no effect on EW and SG. However, EP, EM, EMC and EDC improved when the levels of sodium were 0.20, 0.19, 0.18 and 0.19%, respectively. Considering the estimates of sodium requirements to egg production and egg mass feed conversion, could be suggests 0.22% e 0.20% as maximum sodium levels, respectively, to late first and second egg-production cycle.

Níveis de sódio na ração de frangas de 7 a 12 semanas de idade

O experimento foi realizado para estimar as exigencias de sodio em frangas leves (LV) e semipesadas (SP), durante a fase de recria (7 a 12 semanas de idade). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com seis niveis de sodio (0,04; 0,10; 0,16; 0,21; 0,27 e 0,32 %) e duas linhagens (LV e SP), que resultaram em doze tratamentos, com cinco repeticoes de seis aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de racao (CR), consumo de agua (CAG), ganho de peso diario (GPD), conversao alimentar (CA), temperatura retal (TR), comprimento da crista (CC), materia seca das excretas (MSF) e umidade das excretas (UF). Nao houve interacao dos niveis de sodio (NS) com a linhagem sobre as variaveis estudadas. O CR nao foi afetado pelos NS, porem as frangas SP consumiram mais racao que as LV. Os NS proporcionaram efeito quadratico para o GPD e CA, e a linhagem LV apresentou maior CC que a SP. O aumento do NS da racao elevou o CAG, a UF e diminuiu a MSF, mas a TR nao foi alterada. Recomenda-se de 7 a 12 semanas de idade 0,22%, ou o consumo de 123 e 140 mg de sodio para as LV e SP, respectivamente.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de frangas de reposição

Foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusao do farelo de trigo (FT) com e sem a suplementacao da racao com um complexo enzimatico (CE), composto de amilase, protease e celulase, sobre o desempenho de frangas semipesadas (15 semanas de idade) e seu efeito residual na producao de ovos. Foram utilizadas 288 frangas, distribuidas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4X2, sendo quatro niveis de FT e dois niveis de um CE na racao: 0 (controle), 10, 20 e 30% X suplementacao com 0 ou 50g de um CE/100 kg de racao, resultando em oito tratamentos, com seis repeticoes. Na fase de crescimento, o consumo de racao, o ganho de peso, a conversao alimentar e o peso vivo foram melhores para as aves que receberam as dietas isentas de FT. A adicao do CE diminuiu o consumo de racao nas dietas com 0 e 30% de FT. Durante a fase de producao, o uso do CE na racao de recria sem FT aumentou o peso vivo das aves, mas reduziu no nivel de 30% de FT. A producao de ovos diminuiu no nivel de 20% de FT quando a dieta foi suplementada com o CE. As conversoes alimentares no nivel de 10% de FT foram semelhantes ao controle. Observou-se efeito quadratico do nivel de FT sobre a conversao por massa de ovos, que foi melhor com 8,01%. Portanto, recomenda-se ate 8,01% de inclusao do farelo de trigo na racao de poedeiras semipesadas de 15 a 19 semanas de idade.