José Humberto Vilar da Silva

Exigências nutricionais de codornas

The nutritional requirements differ between quail chickens and laying hens and between Japanese quail and European quails. Quail require more protein (amino acids), less calcium and digest better amino acids of food in comparison with chickens, however, quails digest better energy of food fibrous, but in the same proportion as the chickens from corn and soybean meal. Likewise the chickens, the quail require more energy when on the floor and less when subjected to high ambient temperatures. It is concluded that diets for broiler chickens and should not be used as feed for European quails and Japanese.

Efeito do extrato de urucum na pigmentação da gema dos ovos

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the increasing levels of anatto extract (AE) oil in sorghum-based diets as the main energy source. A total of 280 laying hens in the second production cycle, 140 Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and 140 Isa Brown (IB), was allotted to a density two birds/pen and full fed seven diets. The treatments consisted of a positive control corn based diet, as principal energy source, and a basal sorghum diet, as principal energy source, supplemented with 0.0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60% of AE. A completely randomized design in a 7 x 2 factorial arrangement (treatment and line), with five replicates of four birds, was used. The egg yolk colour was linearly improved by addition of AE to the sorghum-based diets. The brown-egg layers presented better egg yolk colour than the white-egg layers. The addition of 0.1% AE to the sorghum-based diets produced similar egg yolk colour as the corn based diets.

Estimativas da composição anatômica da carcaça de frangos de corte com base no nível de proteína da ração e peso da carcaça

An experiment was carried out to estimate the relations between broiler carcass weight and thighs+drumsticks, breast+bone+skin, and breast meat by the linear model. Eight hundred and sixty and four male poultry of Arbor Acres strain, from 22 to 42 days of age, were assigned to a completely randomized design in 3x4factorial scheme. Corn and soybean meal based diets were prepared to contain 2900 kcal ME and 15.43; 17.26; 19.60; and 22.60% CP; 3,100 kcal ME and 16.49; 18.45; 20.95; and 24.22%CP; and 3300 kcal ME and 17.55; 19.64; 22.30; and 25.78% CP, resulting in twelve treatments. Each treatment was constituted of four replicates of 18 birds. High correlations were observed between live weight at 42 days old and carcass weight (r = 0.958), carcass weight and thighs+drumsticks (r = 0.991), breast+bone+skin (r = 0.965) and deboned breast meat weight (r = 0.950). The lipid percentage was negatively correlated to the moisture percentage (r = -0.880). The linear equation is recommended to estimate carcass anatomical components in broiler chickens.

Exigências nutricionais de metionina+cistina para poedeiras semipesadas do início de produção até o pico de postura

A trial was carried out to determine the nutritional requeriments of methionine + cystine (M+C). A total of 360 laying hens was allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments and 12 replicates of six birds. The corn-soybean meal based diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (17.2% CP) and isoenergy (2,800 kcal ME/kg) to meet the bird requeriment in all nutrients, except for M+C, that was supplemented with DL-methionine (99%) in replacement with corn starch. The following total M+C levels were obtained: 0.61, 0.68, 0.75, 0.82, and 0.89%. All variables were evaluated from 20 to 44 weeks old. Egg weight, egg mass and egg mass:feed ratio were all affected quadratically by the M+C levels. The estimates obtained were: 0.73, 0.69, and 0.69% of total lysine and 0.66, 0.63, and 0.63% of digestible M+C, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended levels of 0.70 and 0.64% or intake of 762 and 697 mg total and digestible M+C/bird/day, respectively, for semi-heavy laying hens from the starter to peak of egg production.

Exigências Nutricionais de Lisina para Codornas durante a Fase de Postura, em Função do Nível de Proteína da Ração 1

This experiment was carried out to estimate the requirements of total lysine and lysine: crude protein (CP) ratio to laying quails. It was used three hundred and twenty birds offspring from crossing breeding of Japanese and European quails from 60 to 144 days of age, live weight of 178+12 g, fed diet with 20 and 23% of CP, and five rates of lysine (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, 1.25 and 1.40%). A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial scheme 2x5 (two CP levels X five rates of lysine) was used, resulting in ten treatments, each one with four replications of eight layers quail submitted to a light schedules of 17 hours daily and ad libitum fed. The studied variables were obtained in four periods of 21 days. There was effect of lysine rates within CP levels on egg production, with requirements of 1.07% lysine with 20% CP and 1.15% with 23% CP. The 23% CP level increased feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg mass, and also improved feed to egg mass ratio and feed to egg dozen ratio. The lysine: CP ratio did not was affect (5.3 versus 5.0%) when crude protein diets increase 20 to 23%. Results in the present study suggest increase of quantitatively requirement of lysine of quail layer, but not lysine: CP ratio, when increase CP concentration on diet.

Energia metabolizável de ingredientes determinada com codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The experiment one was carried out to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected ME (AMEn) of nine feedstuffs in Japanese quails. The objective of the experiment two was to compare diets formulated with AMEn of corn and soybean meal, usually fed to broilers and laying hens, with diets formulated with AMEn determined in growing (22 days of age) and adult quails (65 days of age). In the experiment one, 400 growing quails were fed a basal diet (BD) and nine test diets (70% BD + 30% feedstuffs test), with a total of ten diets with four replicates of ten birds each. In the experiment two, 160 European quails were randomized allotted to three treatments, with twelve replicates of five birds, and fed during three periods of fifteen days. The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg) for vegetal feedstuffs were: 3,340 and 3,354 for corn, 2,718 and 2,456 for soybean meal, 3,453 and 3,084 for integral soybean extruded, 1,624 and 1,593 for wheat bran, 4,558 and 3,992 for corn gluten meal, 3,329 and 3,378 for cassava flour and 1,238 and 1,223 to integral mesquite pods meal. The animal feedstuffs had 2,874 and 2,453 for fish meal and 3,090 and 2,791 for poultry meal. The AMEn of corn and soybean meal estimated for quail did not improve feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed egg mass ratio, supporting the validity of use of energy those ingredients obtained with broiler and laying hens for formulated quail diets.

Níveis de Energia e Relações Energia: Proteína para Frangos de Corte de 22 a 42 dias de Idade

Levels of metabolizable energy (ME) of 2,900, 3,100 and 3,300 kcal and energy to protein ratio (EM: PB) of 128, 148, 168 and 188 kcal/%CP were evaluated with male broiler chicks from 22 to 42 days of age, assigned to a completely randomized 3 x 4 factorial design, where each treatment had four replications of 18 birds. Increasing the ME: CP ratio resulted in linear decreasing effect on feed intake, live weight, weight gain, crude protein intake, energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, drumsticks weight and linearly increased abdominal fat percentage within each level of energy. The 148 ME:CP ratio (20,95% CP) in the level of 3100 kcal ME met the broilers requirements to optimum growth from 22 to 42 days of age, while 188 ME:CP ratio was inadequate. Because of the high costs, decreasing EM: PB ratio must be evaluated to optimize a production system where the carcass quality is also considered.

Efeitos da inclusão do resíduo da semente de urucum (Bixa Orellana L.) na dieta para frangos de corte: desempenho e características de carcaça

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the energetic value and the optimum level of increasing dietary annatto seed by-product (ASB) levels for broiler chick. In the first trial, sixty Ross male broiler chicks (516 + 8.62 g) were fed ad libitum with a basal diet (BD) and a mixture of BD+30% ASB. The first trial was analyzed as a complete randomized design with five replications of six birds. Feces were collected in the morning and afternoon from age 20 to 25 days. In the second trial, 1,190 Ross male broiler chicks were allocated in boxes of 1.5 m2 , analyzed as a complete randomized design with ten replications of 17 birds. The following treatments were used: 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0% ASB from 1 to 21, 22 to 42, and 43 to 47 days old. ASB diet was formulated to contain 12.12% CP and 2,233 kcal AMEn. The 7.5% ASB treatment increased feed intake from 22 to 42 day old, but decreased feed conversion in overall period (1 to 47 days) in relation to the control treatment. Excluding the 0% ASB treatment of variance analysis, carcass and drums yields and drum weight decreased linearly, whereas drumstick yield was optimized with 9.9% ASB in the diet. According to the performance data, it is recommended to include up to 9.9% ASB in the broilers diet.

Use of digestible amino acids based diets for laying hens.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the laying hens performance fed diets with different levels of lysine and sulfur amino acids digestible. A total of hundred and forty-four 24-week-old hens was allotted to a complete randomized design with three treatments, each with eight replicates of six hens. A corn-soybean positive control diet with high amino acids digestibility (HD) was compared to another diet using various by-products to partially replace corn and soybean meal. The second diet was formulated with low digestibility (LD) of lysine and sulfur amino acids as HD diet. The third diet (LD+AA) was similar to LD diet, but supplemented with L-Lysine·HCL and DL-methionine added to obtain levels of true digestible amino acids equal to HD diet. The evaluations were carried out in three periods of 28 days. There were no differences on feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed:egg mass ratio. The egg quality estimated by Haugh unit and by yolk and albumen index were not affected. The use of digestible amino acids based diet for layers hens was not confirmed in this research from digestible amino acids information obtained with cecectomized roosters.

Redução dos níveis de proteína e suplementação aminoacídica em rações para codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix)

The effects of feeding nine nutrition plans (NP) on the performance of 576 quails, allotted to a completely randomized design with nine treatments of four replicates of 16 birds, were evaluated in this trial. The following NP were analyzed from 1 to 21 days of age: NP1 = 28% of crude protein (CP), 1.5% lysine (L) and 1.1% methionine + cystine (MC) from 1 to 21 days and 24%CP, 1.3%L and 0.9% MC from 22 to 42 days (control); NP2 = 25.2% CP, 1.23% L and 0.83% MC from 1 to 21 days and of 21.6% CP, 1.0% L and 0.74% MC from 22 to 42 days; NP3 = 22.4% CP, 0.71% MC from 1 to 21 days and 1.2% L and 19.2% CP, 0.64% MC and 0.95% L from 22 to 42 days; NP4 = NP2+L; NP5 = NP3+L; NP6 = NP2+MC; NP7 = NP3+MC; NP8 = NP2+L+MC; and NP9 = NP3+L+MC. The diet supplementation from NP4 to NP9 with L, MC or L+MC aimed to provide values of L and MC similar to NP1. Diets (2,900 kcal ME/kg ) and water were fed ad libitum in both phases. From 1 to 21 days, decreasing dietary crude protein levels from 28 to 22.4% also reduced intake, body weight, weight gain, but did not affect feed conversion. The dietary supplementation with MC increased bird performance. The recommended level of L (1.5%) in a deficient diet in CP (19.2%) and MC (0.71%) decreased quail growth from 1 to 21 days of age. However, meeting the MC requirements decreased dietary CP levels from 28 to 22.4% and from 24 to 19.2%, respectively, for quails from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, independent of the lysine supplementation.