José Cleto da Silva Filho

Utilização de subprodutos da indústria de biodiesel na alimentação de ruminantes

With the introduction of vegetable oil in the bio-fuel productive chain in Brazil, the increase in the demand of oleaginous plants is expected as well as the offer of the resulting vegetable fibers from the extraction of the oil. Considering the animal feeding as link between the biodiesel production and the livestock, we propose the study of the use of by-products of these enterprises in the feeding system seeking to increase the productivity and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from the animals, generating carbon credits and assisting to the interest of the private initiative. The in vitro gas technique has been used at LANA-CENA/USP with the purpose of studying the effect of feeds containing secondary bioactive metabolites upon the ruminal fermentation and organic matter degradability (MOVD), as well as, in the study of methane production. The total substitution of the soybean meal for meals of cotton seed, palm oil, castor oil plant and jatropha provided less total gas production and the production of methane was affected significantly by the inclusion of the meals, with soybean meal presenting methane production of 15.3 mL/g MOVD. Literature data also show that meals from biodiesel production present appropriate nutritional characteristics for inclusion in the diet of ruminant, however, discerning studies of those materials while raw materials for animal ration are necessary to evaluate possible harmful effects due to the presence of bioactive metabolites. Through analyses of high resolution chromatography, those metabolites may be identified. The introduction of meals with high fat content in the diets of ruminant can aid in the mitigation of enteric methane, and the production of some oleaginous plants can contribute with the sequestering of carbon for the Cerrado soils in the recovery of pastures, reducing the need of deforestations

Ação da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biológica do fósforo, por intermédio da técnica de diluição isotópica, em dietas com farelo de arroz integral para suínos

RESUMO - Esta pesquisa foi realizada para determinar as perdas endogenas fecais de fosforo e a acao da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biologica do P nas racoes e no farelo integral de arroz (FAI), para suinos em crescimento, por meio da tecnica de diluicao isotopica. Os leitoes foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas dietas sem FAI (com ou sem 1250 FTU [Unidade de Atividade de Fitase]/kg racao), com 0,34% de P total, e outras duas com FAI (sem ou com 1250 FTU/kg racao), com 0,56% de P total. No 11o dia do experimento, foram aplicados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P. As perdas endogenas fecais nao foram influenciadas pela acao da fitase. A adicao de fitase reduziu o P total excretado nas fezes e melhorou a absorcao e a disponibilidade biologica do P das dietas com farelo de arroz integral.

Valores energéticos de alguns alimentos utilizados em rações para codornas japonesas

The experiment was conducted to determine the energy values of 12 feeds for Japanese quails. Two hundred and eighty quails averaging 19 weeks old were submitted to the method of total feces collection as a randomized block design, with ten quails per experimental unit. The experimental period lasted 32 days, divided into four trials of eight days each, where two groups of feeds were studied (protein and energetic), with five replicates each: protein of animal origin (meat and bone meal, fish meal and feather and viscera meal) and plant (soybean meals 1 and 2), as well as energetic feeds of plant origin (millet, sorghum and whole rice bran) and oil and fats (refined soybean oil, poultry fat, beef tallow and swine fat). The feeds replaced the reference diet (corn, soybean meal-based diet), as-fed, in 20% (protein of animal origin), 30% (protein of plant origin), 40% (energetic of plant origin) and 10% (oil and fats). The values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true (TME), AME and TME corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn), as well as the metabolization coefficients of gross energy (MGEC) were the analyzed variables. The protein sources, with the exception of feather and viscera meal, had values of AMEn higher than those of the Brazilian tables for poultry and swine, meat and bone meal showed the greatest MGEC (74.06%), while feather and viscera meal, the lowest (56.24%). The energetic feeds, with exception of sorghum, showed higher values of AMEn than those cited by the Brazilian tables for poultry and swine, and both refined soybean oil and swine fat had the highest MGEC (95.81% and 93.32%, respectively), while whole rice bran, the lowest (61.13%).

Determinação da composição mineral de subprodutos agroindustriais utilizados na alimentação animal, pela técnica de ativação neutrônica

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar alguns subprodutos agroindustriais utilizados na alimentacao animal e identificar os principais minerais presentes. Amostras de farelos de algodao, arroz, canola, soja e trigo; farinhas de peixe, carne e penas + visceras; cascas de algodao, arroz, laranja; bagacos de tomate e de laranja foram coletadas em diferentes locais de producao. O metodo analitico empregado foi a analise por ativacao com neutrons seguida de espectrometria gama. Os niveis de minerais encontrados em todas as amostras, inclusive aqueles considerados toxicos, tais como As, Cd e Hg, nao excederam os limites maximos permitidos em dietas para animais domesticos. Os valores obtidos foram comparados com os comumente encontrados em forragens.

Efeito da fitase na biodisponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de arroz em frangos de corte

Resumo€Œ€O trabalho objetivou determinar a acao da enzima fitase sobre a biodisponibilidade do fosfo-ro do farelo de arroz em dietas de frangos de corte, pela tOcnica de diluicao isotopica. Os€tratamentosconsistiram de uma dieta sem farelo de arroz integral e sem suplementacao de fosforo inorgânico(0,388% de P total), e quatro dietas com 15% de farelo de arroz integral, sem suplementacao de fosforoinorgânico (0,56% de P total) e com quatro niveis de fitase (0, 400, 800 e 1,200€FTU/kg). No€quinto diado experimento, cada ave recebeu, via peritonial, 3,5€MBq de€

Diagnóstico da deficiência de fósforo em ovinos pela técnica de incorporação de fósforo radioativo nos eritrócitos

This work had the objective of evaluating the method of 32P uptake by the erythrocytes of young sheep, supplemented with phosphorus and kept at pasture of Andropogon gayanus, as a tool for phosphorus deficiency diagnosis. Twenty lambs, initially weighing 13.88±2.51 kg, were divided in two treatments of ten animals each. In one of them, animals were supplemented with 3 g of phosphorus per animal per day and, in the other, animals did not receive supplementation of phosphorus. Weighing, and blood and faeces collection were carried out in the 8th, 29th, 43rd, 57th e 71st days of the experiment, to evaluate the incorporation of 32P by the erythrocytes, to determine calcium, glucose and phosphorus concentrations in the serum and percentage of P in the faeces. Significant difference for the concentration of Ca was found in the 57th day. For the glucose concentration, the percentage of phosphorus in faeces, and the weight, significant differences between the treatments were not observed. From the 29th to the 71st day, the concentration of phosphorus in the serum was higher, and the incorporation of 32P was lower in the group of animals supplemented with phosphorus. The analysis of 32P incorporation by the erythrocytes is an additional tool to evaluate the status of P, with identification of the subclinic deficiency in lambs.

Avaliação das silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com nabo forrageiro, pinhão manso e tremoço, pela técnica de produção de gases

Objetivou-se, na conducao deste trabalho, a avaliacao das silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com tortas de nabo forrageiro, pinhao manso e tremoco pela tecnica de producao de gas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Laboratorio de Nutricao Animal do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de Sao Paulo (LANA/CENA/USP). Como doadores de liquido de rumen, foram utilizados 2 ovinos da raca Santa Ines, machos, adultos, castrados e providos de cânula ruminal permanente. A alimentacao dos animais doadores foi constituida de forragem de graminea cultivada e uma suplementacao, ao final do dia, com feno de Tifton, concentrado comercial e sal mineral a vontade. Os substratos foram secos a 60oC, moidos em moinho do tipo Willey, provido de peneira com perfuracoes de 2 mm. Os gases produzidos durante os diferentes periodos de fermentacao (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 h) foram medidos com um transducer - medidor de pressao.O experimento foi instalado segundo um delineamento de blocos ao acaso em que os tratamentos foram arranjados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os maiores valores de producao de gas observados para os tratamentos em que adicionou-se torta de tremoco quando comparados com as outras tortas, decorreu do fato da torta de tremoco apresentar menor teor de fibras, propiciando assim, uma maior fermentacao ruminal e, consequentemente, maior producao de gas em relacao a outros alimentos com maior proporcao de carboidratos estruturais (parede celular).As taxas de degradacao da fracao soluvel da materia seca foi menor para NF 8% e PM 11% em relacao as outras silagens estudadas. Foram encontradas diferencas significativas para as TNF, TPM e TT, nos diferentes niveis, em relacao ao volume de gases em 96 h de incubacao (P<0,05). As silagens contendo torta de tremoco apresentaram maior producao de gases quando comparadas As outras tortas. Em todos os tratamentos, exceto naqueles em que adicionou-se TT, houve diminuicao (P<0,05) nos valores medios de degradabilidade da materia seca as 96 horas, a medida que aumentou-se o nivel de inclusao das tortas. As silagens de capim-elefante adicionadas de tortas de nabo forrageiro ou tremoco, nos diferentes niveis, apresentaram maiores taxas de degradacao e maiores producoes de gases que as adicionadas de torta de pinhao manso.

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of elephant grass silage with biodiesel industry co-products

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of three concentrations (3, 6, and 9%) of forage turnip (Raphanus sativus) and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) cakes on dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents, in vitro dry matter digestibility, pH values and concentrations of N-NH3 in elephant grass silages. It was used an entirely randomized design in factorial arrangement [(2×3)+1]. Experimental PVC silos were used and ensiled material was kept for 62 days. The addition of cakes increased the dry matter contents (P<0.05). The fibrous fractions were reduced (P<0.05) with the inclusion of cakes during the grass ensilage and the CP contents increased (P<0.05). The forage turnip cake provided the same pH and N-NH3 values in ideal levels and the physic nut, added to 9%, increased those values (P<0.05). IVDMD was reduced (P<0.05) when the cakes were added. These co-products can be used in small amounts for elephant grass ensilage in order to provide improvement in chemical and fermentation characteristics of the silages. Nevertheless, physic nut cake shows limitations for its use in animal feeding due to the presence of toxic compounds, making necessary studies for their identification and elimination.

Dinâmica do fósforo em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diversos níveis deste mineral

The dynamics of phosphorus in the body of Santa Ines lambs fed diets with different levels of this mineral was evaluated, considering the correlations among the levels of phosphorus consumed, in plasma; in saliva, in rumen contents, in feces, and in urine. Eighteen lambs were used with five mo old and 27 kg BW. The experiment was divided into two periods of five weeks, each with nine animals. The animals were individually kept in cages of metabolism study and were fed a basal diet consists of coast-cross grass (Cynodon dactylon, L. Pers.) hay and concentrate with different phosphorus levels (1.9, 2.6, 3.3 g/day) from dicalcium phosphate. On the 15th day, it was initiated the collection of saliva, plasma, rumen contents, feces and urine for the analysis of inorganic phosphorus. Positive correlations were observed among the increase of phosphorus intake and the levels of this mineral in plasma, saliva, rumen contents, feces and urine, indicating that, when absorbed, the phosphorus is distributed throughout the body by the plasma. After saturation in the body, the excess is secreted through saliva, following for the rumen, and reaching the intestine; it is reabsorbed into smaller quantity and excreted via feces. As phosphorus levels increased in the diet, there was significant increase of these mineral levels in saliva, plasma, rumen contents and feces.

Efeito de diferentes aditivos sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem de resíduo de maracujá amarelo

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da inclusao de residuos em diferentes niveis, sobre a qualidade fermentativa da silagem do residuo de maracuja amarelo, foi conduzido este estudo. Os residuos foram ensilados em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com valvula tipo Bunsen e com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg cada. Os tratamentos constituiram-se de tres aditivos (bagaco de cana (BC), casca de cafe (CC) e sabugo de milho (SM)), em quatro niveis (10, 15, 20 e 25%) mais um tratamento testemunha, sem aditivos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituindo um esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] com 4 repeticoes. As silagens em que se adicionou BC e as silagens com 100% de residuo do fruto de maracuja apresentaram teor de MS inferior aos recomendados para uma silagem. O aditivo CC foi o unico que aumentou o teor proteico das silagens. Todas as silagens apresentaram valores de pH e N-NH3(%N total) de acordo com os padroes que caracterizam uma fermentacao adequada, sendo os valores de pH inferiores a 4,2 e N-NH3(%N total) menores que 10%. As silagens com 100% de residuo do fruto de maracuja, e as com BC ou CC adicionados nos diferentes niveis, apresentaram valores de MS, PB, pH e N-NH3 que caracterizam uma silagem de adequada qualidade fermentativa.