Katia Christina Zuffellato-Ribas

Enraizamento de corticeira-da-serra em função do tipo de estaca e variações sazonais

Erythrina falcata Benth. may be used as an ornamental plant, in rehabilitation of degraded land and as a component in agroforestry systems. However seedling production from seeds is difficult. The aim of this work was to evaluate vegetative propagation of E. falcata by using stem cuttings obtained from adult trees (softwood cuttings, hardwood cuttings and regrowth cuttings) and cuttings from seedlings collected in the four seasons of the year as well as the effect of indolebutyric acid on rooting of stem cuttings. After cutting preparation, the material was treated with an indolebutyric acid solution (IBA, 0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1). Cuttings were grown in 55-mL tapered plastic containers in a greenhouse at 25 to 30oC and relative humidity above 80%. The substrate for growing of cuttings was middle texture vermiculite. The highest percentage of rooted cuttings (73%) and root length of four longest roots (46 mm) and root number (6.2) were obtained in seedling cuttings collected in the summer. No rooting was observed in cuttings collected from softwood cuttings raised from adult trees. Cutting immersion in IBA solutions had no effect on rooting. Cuttings from seedlings collected in the summer are recommended because of their high percentage of rooting and survival.

Propagación vegetativa de quiri por intermedio de brotes epicórmicos

cEmbrapa, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Florestas, Colombo-PR, Brazil. SUMMARY Epicormic shoots were induced in stumps and detached branches of adult Paulownia fortunei var. mikado plants to evaluate rooting potential. Stem cuttings obtained from shoots of stump were prepared with 12 cm in length and two leaves reduced to 78.5 cm² (10 cm diameter). Cuttings from shoots of branches were prepared with 8-10 cm in length, and two leaves reduced to 50 % of the original size. Anatomical analysis was performed to evaluate possible barriers to rhizogenesis. After disinfestation, indolebutyric acid (IBA) was applied (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L -1 ). Installation was made in plastic pots with a volume of 170 cm³ and 53 cm³, respectively for each type of cuttings, with fine vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls (1:1 v/v) as substrate. After 60 days in a greenhouse, cuttings from epicormic shoots of branches presented rooting (58.12 %) and the average length of the three longest roots/ cutting (4.76 cm) was higher than in cuttings from stumps. The highest number of roots/cutting (7.66) and percentage of cuttings with callus (27.50) was observed in cuttings from stumps. There were no anatomical barriers observed harming the roots formation in the two types of cuttings. The use of indolebutyric acid is not required to induce rooting.

MINIESTAQUIA DE Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) PAX COM O USO DE ÁCIDO INDOL BUTÍRICO E ÁCIDO NAFTALENO ACÉTICO

Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax (Euphorbiaceae) is a native and rustic tree found in different Brazilian plant formations, and is much indicated for recovery of degraded ecosystems. However, the sexual propagation is very difficult because almost every flower is male, the seed production is poor and the percentage of seed germination is low. The mini-cuttings technique is an alternative to other methods of propagation that allow the rooting with young material. Thus, the present work aimed to test the sprouts production and rooting by mini-cuttings of Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax originating from young seedlings, collected in four seasons (autumn, winter, spring 2006 and summer 2007), in Colombo - PR, Brazil. The mini-cuttings were trimmed to 3 cm in length, with two half leafs in apical region. Indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) were applied in the base of the mini-cuttings at 0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mgL -1 for 10 seconds. The percentage of rooted mini-cuttings, amount and root length, percentage of mini-cuttings with callus, survival and mortality rate were evaluated in a experimental random delineation, with factorial range of the treatments: 2x5x4 (kinds of plant growth regulator x concentration of plant growth regulator x seasons). The mini-cuttings p production/mini-tumps range between 1.4 until 2.2 in 205 cm³ recipient. The best season for rooting was winter, with 80.56% of rooting when the vegetal regulator was not used. It is concluded from this study that the vegetative propagation of Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax by mini-cuttings collected from young seedlings can be used for rooting.

Estaquia de Ginkgo biloba L. utilizando três substratos

Ginkgo biloba is an arboreal and deciduous species, the foliage of which becomes yellowish in the autumn, before leaf drop, increasing its value for gardening. Cutting is a method of vegetative propagation based on the capacity of cells to recover the cell division process, originating roots in cuttings detached from branches of stock plants. This study aimed to verify the influence of different substrates, as well as the application of the synthetic auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in Ginkgo biloba cutting rooting. In the winter of 2005, branches were collected and sent to the Macropropagation Lab, where cuttings of 10-12cm length were made without leaves. The treatments with plant growth regulator (T) were T1- 0 mg L-1 IBA solution, T2- 4000 mg L-1 IBA solution, T3- 8000 mg L-1 IBA solution, T4- 0 mg kg-1 IBA in talc, T5- 4000 mg kg-1 IBA in talc, T6- 8000 mg kg-1 IBA in talc. Each treatment was planted in three substrates (S), S1- sand, S2- coir and S3- carbonized rice hull. After 120 days, the percentages of cuttings that were rooted, alive, with callus and dead were evaluated, besides the number of roots per cutting and the length of the three highest roots per cutting. The best results regarding rooting were obtained for cuttings treated with 4000 and 8000 mg kg-1 IBA in talc, by using coir as substrate (45.00 and 46.25% rooting, respectively).

Enraizamento de miniestacas de espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek) em diferentes substratos

Pertencente a familia Celastraceae, a espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek) e uma especie medicinal nativa da regiao sul do Brasil, utilizadas no tratamento de gastrite e ulceras gastricas. Estudos sobre a producao de mudas por meio de estaquia demonstraram que esta especie e considerada de dificil enraizamento. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de diferentes substratos no enraizamento de miniestacas de espinheira-santa. Miniestacas apicais foram coletadas a partir das brotacoes das minicepas de 10 meses de idade, mantidas em casa-de-vegetacao e confeccionadas com 3 a 4cm de comprimento, mantendo-se duas folhas com a superficie reduzida a metade. O plantio foi realizado em caixas contendo areia e tubetes contendo casca de arroz carbonizada, Plantmax HT® ou vermiculita de granulometria fina como substrato. As miniestacas foram mantidas em casa-de-vegetacao com nebulizacao intermitente e 90 dias apos o plantio, foram avaliadas as caracteristicas: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, numero e comprimento medio de raizes, porcentagem de estacas com calos, sobrevivencia e mortalidade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repeticoes de 22 estacas por parcela. A analise estatistica revelou que os substratos areia (92,04%), casca de arroz carbonizada (88,66%) e Plantmax HT® (94,31%) apresentaram indices de enraizamento significativamente superiores a vermiculita (78,41%), alem de menores taxas de mortalidade, sendo que a propagacao vegetativa de espinheira-santa por meio de miniestaquia e viavel.

ROOTING MINI-CUTTINGS OF Paulownia fortunei var. mikado DERIVED FROM CLONAL MINI-GARDENEN

We aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency of mini-cuttings technique on vegetative propagation of Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. var. Mikado, as well as the possible existence of anatomical barriers to its rooting. Therefore, plants originated from cuttings formed the mini-stumps and, consequently the clonal mini-garden, which was conducted in semi-hydroponic system. We evaluated the survival of mini-stumps and sprouts production for five successive collects, the percentage of mini-cuttings rooting and their anatomical description. The mini-cuttings were prepared with about 6 to 8 cm in length and two leaves reduced by about 50% in the upper third, being remained an area of, approximately 78 cm2 (10 cm diameter). The mini-cuttings were placed in tubes of 53 cm3, with substrate formed with fine vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls (1:1 v/v) and rooted in acclimatized greenhouse. After 30 days we evaluated the percentage of rooted mini-cuttings, radicial vigor (number and length of roots / mini-cutting), callus formation, emission of new shoots and maintenance of the original leaves. The mini-stumps showed 100% survival after five collects and an average production of 76-114 mini-cuttings/m2/month and rooting ranged from 70 to 90%. Mini-cuttings technique is efficient in to propagate adult propagules of the species and there are not anatomical barriers preventing roots emission.

Caracterização morfológica de frutos, sementes e plântulas de araticunzeiro (Annona crassiflora Mart - Annonaceae)

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart. - Annonaceae) is a species with great ecological importance and potential for fruit production. Its fruits, seeds and seedlings were morphologically described in this article as being the main objective of this study. To describe and illustrate the examples, 100 seeds and 42 fruits were analyzed; the latter being collected in Santo Antonio do Leverger - MT - Brazil, in 2011. To describe the morphology of the seedling, 100 seeds were germinated in two different environments. The araticum plant has a compound, multiple strobiliform, globose-subglobose and fleshy fruit, with average measures of 12.9 cm length, 13.5 cm width, 12.7 cm thickness, weight of 1,187.0 g and 99.2 seeds per fruit. The seeds are obovoid, hairless, smooth with a bony aspect and a pale brown color; they have an average of 17. 7 mm length, 10.8 mm width and 8.3 thickness. Epigeous and phanerocotylar germination begins about 148 days after sowing. All morphological data of araticum fruits, seeds and seedlings can be used to recognize the botanical family and, when associated to other features, to recognize the species in the field.

ARAUCARIA CLONAL FORESTRY: TYPES OF CUTTINGS AND MOTHER TREE SEX IN FIELD SURVIVAL AND GROWTH

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze (Parana pine or Araucaria) is a potential forestry native species for Brazilian silviculture. However, a number of challenges and technical restraints persist, hindering its silvicultural expansion, among which are the lack of cloning technologies of superior genetic materials and their assessment under field conditions. Thus, we evaluated the potential use of araucaria plants derived from cuttings and seeds for timber production, by assessing field survival, growth and strobilus production using cuttings from male and female plants, collected from different positions, compared with those produced by sexual reproduction. Clones of male and female trees from different types of cuttings and seedlings were planted in 3 x 3 m spacing. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of one tree plot with three treatments. Female clones and apical cuttings showed higher growth in diameter at breast height (6.4 cm) and total height (3.6 m) 74 months after planting, followed by seedlings and other clones, with similar results. We conclude that cuttings technique is potential for araucaria propagation for wood production purposes, and it is favored by the use of apical cuttings from female mother trees.

Crescimento de mudas de Gleditschia amorphoides Taub. produzidas em diferentes substratos

Popularmente conhecida como sucara, Gleditschia amorphoides e uma especie que, alem do uso madeireiro, pode ser utilizada em plantios destinados a recuperacao de areas degradadas, assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento das mudas, ao longo do tempo, produzidas em diferentes substratos. O experimento foi realizado no viveiro da UNIOESTE em Santa Helena - PR, utilizando-se de semeadura direta em tubetes de polipropileno de 200 cm3. Foram testadas diferentes misturas como substrato, contendo Plantmax®, residuo de folha decomposto, serragem, cama de aviario, esterco bovino e casca de arroz carbonizada. Mensalmente, durante 180 dias, foram avaliadas altura e diâmetro do colo, sendo estes analisados segundo um delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 5 repeticoes de 12 mudas, em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. No termino do experimento foi avaliada a massa seca das raizes e da parte aerea, a relacao entre estas variaveis e a area foliar, para 12 mudas por tratamento, seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Determinou-se a capacidade de retencao de agua, porosidade total e pH dos substratos. Todos os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as medias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. Em geral todos os substratos proporcionaram aumento gradativo no diâmetro e na altura das mudas. Mudas produzidas em 50 % de Plantmax® + 20 % de casca de arroz carbonizada + 30 % esterco bovino apresentaram maior diâmetro (4,5 mm) e altura das mudas (22,7 cm), assim como maior massa seca da raiz e da parte aerea (0,88 e 1,62 g, respectivamente), seguido de mudas produzidas em 50 % Plantmax® + 20 % de casca de arroz carbonizada + 20 % esterco bovino + 10 % de residuo de folhas com 4,0 mm e 19,7 cm, para diâmetro e altura, respectivamente. Nas condicoes deste experimento as mudas de sucara, produzidas com 50 % de Plantmax® + 20 % de casca de arroz carbonizada + 30 % esterco bovino, apresentaram maior crescimento.

Superação de dormência em sementes de Gleditschia amorphoides Taub.

The objective of this research was to evaluate methods to overcome dormancy of seeds of Gleditschia amorphoides. For dormancys overcoming the seeds received the following treatments: 1) control; 2) mechanical scarfication 3) mechanical scarfication + water/24h; 4) mechanical scarfication + hot water/24h; 5) hot water/24h; 6) sulfuric acid (H2SO4)/1h; 7) H2SO4/2h; 8) H2SO4/1h + water/24h; 9) H2SO4/30min + flowing water/4h; 10) mechanical scarfication + flowing water/4h. Germination was done in rolls of Germitest conditioned in a germination chamber under 25°C, during 12h for 26 days. Percentage, time and average speed of germination were evaluated. The experimental design was completely casual with 10 treatments, 4 repetitions and 25 seeds. The best results were recorded for treatments with mechanical and chemical scarification with averages between 76 and 98% of germination, from 2.17 to 2.88 days for medium time for germination and 0.46 to 0.48 seeds/day for average speed of germination, demonstrating that these are the best methods to overcome dormancy of seeds.