Khairun Nisa Minhad

Human emotion classifications for automotive driver using skin conductance response signal

Risky driving, speeding, and fatigue are the main causes of traffic accidents in Malaysia. Risky driving is an attitude associated with human states of emotion. Emotions detected using facial and body movements, sounds and physiological changes which required multiple and bulky instruments such as camera, voice recorder and sensors. In this study, skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated to overcome these drawback. The main goal of this study is to recognize human emotions by using a nonintrusive sensor and low-design-complexity protocols. Five emotions, namely, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and anger, were identified to have a close relationship with risky driving. The emotions were elicited by using image, video-audio, and video stimulus techniques and 960 Hz raw signal sampling rate was recorded. The video clip stimulus method showed 95.7% efficacy in detecting happiness and anger. The affective assessment classification rate obtained from SCR processing was more than 70% accuracy based on the off-line support vector machine classifier-processing algorithm. Overall results confirmed that the SCR signal should be considered in the future as one of the physiological signals in automated real-time emotions recognition systems.

Investigating Phase Detectors: Advances in Mature and Emerging Phase-Frequency and Time-to-Digital Detectors in Phase-Locked Looped Systems

Detectors play an important role in many communication systems such as delay locked loops, alias-locked loops, digital-microwave radio, clock-data recovery and phase-locked loops (PLLs). A phase frequency detector (PFD) is one of the mature detector circuit designs used to detect phase and frequency differences of input signals. Time-to-digital converter (TDC) blocks are a modern and emerging technique used to quantify these phase and frequency differences precisely. This article presents the advances in mature and emerging phase-frequency and time-to-digital detectors in phase-locked loop systems.

Cmos spdt switch for wlan applications

WLAN has become an essential part of our todays life. The advancement of CMOS technology let the researchers contribute low power, size and cost effective WLAN devices. This paper proposes a single pole double through transmit/receive (T/R) switch for WLAN applications in 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The proposed switch exhibit 1.36 dB insertion loss, 25.3 dB isolation and 24.3 dBm power handling capacity. Moreover, it only dissipates 786.7 nW power per cycle. The switch utilizes only transistor aspect ratio optimization and resistive body floating technique to achieve such desired performance. In this design the use of bulky inductor and capacitor is avoided to evade imposition of unwanted nonlinearities to the communication signal.