L.J. Kats

Influence of weaning weight and growth during the first week postweaning on subsequent pig performance

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Spray-dried egg protein in diets for early-weaned starter pigs

A total of 197 weanling pigs (initially 11.7 lb and 18 d of age) was used in a 28 d growth trial to determine the influence of spray-dried egg protein as a protein substitute for either soybean meal or spray-dried porcine plasma on starter pig performance. Pigs were blocked by weight with six replications per treatment and seven to eight pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were based on level of egg protein (3 or 6%) added to a phase I high nutrient dense diet and the method of substitution (egg protein replacing either soybean meal or porcine plasma). A sixth treatment served as an initial test of an egg protein blend. Treatments were as follows: 1) Control, 2 and 3) 3% or 6% egg protein substituted for soybean meal, 4 and 5) 3% or 6% egg protein substituted for spray-dried porcine plasma, and 6) 4% egg protein blend substituted for spray-dried porcine plasma. The control diet contained 7.5% porcine plasma, 1.75% spraydried blood meal, and 20% dried whey. The egg products were substituted for the soybean meal or the porcine plasma on an equal lysine basis, maintaining the lysine level of all diets at 1.5%. Total added fat was maintained at 5% All pigs were fed a common diet from d 14 to 28 postweaning. During phase I, average daily gain (ADG) indicated that spray-dried egg protein was a suitable substitute for up to 3% porcine plasma or up to 6% soybean meal. However, pigs consuming the diet substituting 6% egg protein for porcine plasma had poorer ADG. Feed efficiency became poorer as spray-dried egg protein was substituted for 6% soybean meal or 3 to 6% porcine plasma. This indicates that the fat in spray-dried egg protein may be less available than soybean oil. Pigs fed the diet containing the 4% egg protein blend had poorer ADG and F/G than pigs fed the control diet. This indicates that 4% egg protein blend cannot effectively replace porcine plasma. These data suggest that spray-dried egg protein can replace at least 6% soybean meal and up to 3% porcine plasma in the phase I diet without reducing ADG; however, further research must be conducted to determine the digestibility of fat in the egg protein product.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993

Evaluation of potato protein in starter pig diets

In two separate trials, the use of potato protein (75% CP, 5.9% lysine), as a replacement for spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in Phase I and for spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) and select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) in Phase II diets (d 0 to 14 and d 7 to 28 postweaning, respectively), was evaluated. In Exp. 1, 185 weanling pigs (initially 9.7 Ib and 15.5 d of age) were blocked by weight and gender and allotted in a randomized complete block design to one of five dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to 1.5% lysine and .42% methionine and contained 3% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The experimental diets were formulated by substituting, on an equal lysine basis, additional SDPP (2.5 or 5% added; 5.5 or 8% total) or potato protein (2.6% or 5.1%) for soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. From d 14 to 28, all pigs were fed a common Phase II diet. During d 0 to 14 postweaning, pigs fed diets containing 5.5 or 8% SDPP had improved (P<.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared with those fed the control diet or the diet with 5.1 % potato protein. No differences were observed in ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs fed the diet with 2.6% potato protein compared with pigs fed the control diet or diets with additional SDPP. Feed intake was increased for pigs fed 8% SDPP and decreased for pigs fed the 5.1 % potato protein, when compared to the control group. Feed efficiency (G/F) was not affected by dietary treatment. Overall (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G among treatments. In Exp. 2, 270 weanling pigs (initially 13.7 lb and 20 d of age) were used. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender and assigned to each of three dietary treatments at weaning. There were 15 pigs per pen with six replicate pens per treatment. From d 0 to 7 postweaning, all pigs were fed the same diet that was formulated to 1.5% lysine and contained 10% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The Phase II experimental diets contained 10% dried whey and were formulated to 1.25% lysine and .34% methionine. The protein sources, 2.50% SDBM, 4.8% SMFM, or 3.92% potato protein, were substituted on an equal lysine basis, with all diets containing 22.63% SBM. From d 7 to 28 postweaning, pigs fed potato protein had decreased ADG and F/G. No differences occurred between pigs fed either SDBM or SMFM. These results suggest that potato protein as a plant protein should replace these more expensive animal protein sources only in limited amounts.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Effect of chelated trace minerals on nursery pig growth performance

A total of 442 weanling pigs (initial age and wt of 22 d and 14.4 lb, respectively) was used on a commercial farm in northeast Kansas to evaluate growth performance with diets containing a chelated trace mineral premix or an inorganic trace mineral premix. Minerals evaluated in the premixes provided 16.5 ppm Cu, 165 ppm Fe, 40 ppm Mn, and 165 ppm Zn. For the inorganic trace mineral treatment, the mineral sources were copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganous oxide, and zinc oxide. The chelated trace mineral premix had the following fractions of these minerals provided as amino acid chelates: 109.7% of Cu, 75.8% of Fe, 78.1% of Mn, and 47.0% of Zn with the balance coming from the previous inorganic sources to make diets similar in added trace mineral content. All diets also contained copper sulfate, providing an additional 188 ppm Cu. Pigs fed the chelated trace mineral had increased average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) , and lower feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to 7 postweaning. No differences occurred between treatments in ADG or ADFI from d 7 to 14. For this same period, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had lower F/G than pigs fed the chelated trace minerals. For the entire Phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed the chelated trace minerals had greater ADFI with no difference in ADG or F/G. No differences occurred in ADG or FIG for the Phase II period (d 14 to 28). However, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had increased ADFI (P> .02). For the entire nursery period (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G between pigs fed either chelated or inorganic trace minerals. Based on the improved performance observed, chelated trace minerals may have been more available, which benefitted the weanling pig during the stressful first week postweaning. However, for the entire nursery period, based on this single study, no significant differences occurred in growth performance for pigs fed either trace mineral source.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Comparison of spray-dried blood meal and fish by-products in the phase II starter pig diet

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A combination of spray-dided porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal optimizes starter pig performance

A total of 298 weanling pigs (initially 12.11b and 19 d of age) was used in a 25-<1 growth trial to examine the influence of various combinations of spray-dried porcine plasma>(SDPP) and spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) in a high nutrient density diet on starter pig performance. Pigs were allotted by weight to eight replicates of five treatments with seven to eight pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to one of five dietary treatments with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the SDPP replaced with SDBM on an equal lysine basis. Therefore, diets contained 10, 7.5,5.0, 2.5, or 0% SDPP combined with 0, 1.63, 3.25, 4.8, or 6.5% SDBM, respectively. All phase I diets were formulated to contain 20% dried whey, 1.50% lysine, .81% isoleucine, and .37% methionine. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. On d 14, all pigs were switched to a common phase II diet containing 10% dried whey and 2.5% SDBM and was formulated to 1.25% lysine. Pigs were fed this diet for the remainder of the trial (d 14 to 25 postweaning). A quadratic response occurred for average daily gain and feed efficiency during phase I, with pigs fed a combination of spraydried porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal having superior performance compared to pigs fed diets containing only spray-dried plasma or spray-dried blood. Maximum performance was seen with the combination of 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma and 1.63% spray-dried blood meal. Therefore, the results of this trial show that phase I diet cost can be reduced and performance improved by formulating the diet with a combination of spray-dried porcine plasma and spray-dried blood meal rather than spray-dried plasma alone.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1992

The influence of increasing dietary methionine on the performance of the early-weaned pig (10 ± 4 d of age)

Four hundred thirty-five pigs (initially 7.7 lb and 10.1 ± 4 d of age) were used to determine the influence of increasing dietary methionine on growth performance of the early-weaned pig (10 d of age). Pigs were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design, resulting in six to 13 pigs per pen and a total of eight pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 postweaning. Dietary methionine levels were achieved by adding increasing liquid methionine (Alimet) to a common basal diet. The control diet was corn-based and contained 8.7% moist extruded soy protein concentrate, 10% spray-dried porcine plasma, 25% dried whey, 5% dried skim milk, 3% fish meal, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. All diets were formulated to contain 1.8% lysine. Liquid methionine replaced sucrose in the control diet to provide dietary methionine levels of .36, .40, .44, .48, .52, and .56%. Each diet contained .62% cystine and 704 g of added choline chloride (60%). During d o to 7 postweaning, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) were improved by increasing dietary methionine, with optimal performance observed between .48 and .52% dietary methionine. However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected by dietary methionine. For the entire period (d 0 to 21 postweaning), ADG and F/G were improved with increasing dietary methionine and optimized between .48 to .52% dietary methionine. On d 7 postweaning, plasma urea nitrogen was reduced as dietary methionine increased, with pigs fed the .52% methionine having the lowest plasma urea nitrogen concentrations. These data suggest that the early-weaned pig (1O-d of age) needs approximately .48 to .52% dietary methionine when fed a diet containing 1.8% lysine to optimize growth performance.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Effect of chelated manganese on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.

A total of 80 medium-lean growth crossbred barrows (initially 77 lb) was used in a study to evaluate the effect of manganese level (24, 44, or 88 ppm) and source (inorganic vs chelated manganese) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Barrows were allotted by weight to pens containing two pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were assigned to one of four dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were housed in pens (5 ft x 5 ft) in an environmentally regulated finishing barn and allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet formulated to contain .8% lysine and providing 24 ppm of inorganic Mn supplied from manganese oxide (control). Additional treatments included the control diet plus 20 ppm of a chelated form of Mn (a total of 44 ppm dietary Mn); control diet plus 20 ppm of inorganic Mn (manganese oxide; a total of 44 ppm dietary Mn); and the control diet plus 64 ppm of inorganic Mn (manganese oxide; a total of 88 ppm dietary Mn). Pigs were fed their respective experimental diet for the entire study. Pigs and feeders were weighed every 2 weeks to measure Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion (F/G) until the mean weight of pigs in a pen averaged 225 lb. At this time, both pigs in the pens were slaughtered, and standard carcass measurements were recorded. For the overall trial, no differences occurred in growth performance among pigs fed any of the experimental treatments. Pigs had mean ADG, ADFI, and F/G of 2.10 lb, 6. 881b, and 3.24, respectively. No differences occurred in carcass traits, with all pigs having approximately 1.20 inches of backfat and between 4.50 and 5.0 square inches of longissimus muscle area. In conclusion, additional manganese above 24 ppm from an inorganic or chelated source had no effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of medium-lean growth finishing pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Optimal dietary sequence in a nursery-phase feeding program for segregated early-weaned (9±1 d of age) pigs

Two hundred forty weanling pigs (initially 7.2 lb BW and 9 + 1 d of age) were used to compare four dietary sequences of three diets in a 21-d growth trial. Diet A was formulated to contain 1.7% lysine and contained 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. Diet B was formulated to contain 1.4% lysine and contained 2.5% spray-dried porcine plasma and 2.5% spray-dried blood meal. Diet C was formulated to contain 1.25 % lysine and contained 2.5% spray-dried blood meal. The four dietary sequences were as follows AAB, AAC, ABB, and ABC, with each letter indicating the diet fed from d 0 to 7, d 7 to 14, and d 14 to 21 postweaning, respectively. Pigs fed diet B from d 7 to 14 postweaning had numerically lower average daily gain (ADG) than pigs remaining on diet A. However, pigs fed diet B from d 14 to 21 postweaning had higher ADG compared to pigs fed diet C. Pigs fed dietary sequences AAB or ABB were 11% heavier on d 21 postweaning than pigs fed dietary sequences AAC or ABC. In conclusion, dietary sequences AAB and ABB provided identical performance from d 0 to 21 postweaning; however, utilization of a transition diet (B) from d 7 to 14 postweaning substantially reduced feed cost per lb of gain for pigs weaned at 9 d of age.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993

The effects of dietary soy protein source fed to the early-weaned pig on subsequent growth performance

Two hundred and ninety five pigs (initially 12.3 lb and 21 d of age) were used to determine the effect of different soy protein sources fed during phase I on subsequent growth performance. Dietary treatments were based on different soy protein sources added to the phase I (d 0 to 14 postweaning) diet. Pigs were fed one of five experimental treatments: 1) control diet (casein); 2) moist extruded soy protein concentrate (MESPC); 3) soybean meal (SBM); 4) soy protein concentrate (SPC); 5) moist extruded soy flour (MESF). The phase I diet contained 20% dried whey (DW), 7.5% spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP), and 1.75% spray dried blood meal (SDBM) and was formulated to contain 1.6% lysine, .44% methionine, and 14.4% lactose. From d 14 to 28 postweaning (phase II), all pigs were fed a common (1.25% lysine) corn-SBM diet containing 2.5% SDBM and 10% DW. During phase I, no differences occurred in average daily gain (ADG) or feed efficiency (F/G) between any experimental treatments. However, pigs fed the MESPC-based diet had higher average daily feed intakes (ADFI) when compared to pigs fed either SBM or MESF. From d 14 to 28, pigs fed MESPC during phase I, had higher ADG when compared to the performance of pigs fed SPC and MESF and higher ADFI when compared with pigs receiving the other experimental treatments. Pigs fed SBM during phase I had improved F/G compared to SPC and MESPC. Cumulative data (d 0 to 28 postweaning) indicated that pigs fed the diet containing MESPC during phase I had numerically higher ADG and ADFI when compared to pigs fed the MESF or SPC treatments; however, MESPC pigs were less efficient. Feed cost per pound of gain was the lowest for pigs fed SBM during phase I for overall performance. Pigs fed MESPC in phase I had numerically higher ADG and were 1.4 lb heavier at the end of the trial. However, this advantage would cost an additional