K.Q. Owen

Effects of source and level of added chromium on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

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The effects of supplementing growing finishing swine diets with betaine and (or) choline on growth and carcass characteristics

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Tile effect of L-carnitine additions on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing swine

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary carnitine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing swine. The trial was designed to investigate the response of pigs fed carnitine from weaning to market vs control pigs receiving no carnitine. In addition, the performance of these pigs was compared to that of pigs fed carnitine only during the starter or finishing phases. The trial was broken down into the following four phases: 1) phase I (0 to 14 d post weaning) 2) phase II (14 to 35 d post weaning) 3) grower (d 35 to 135 lb), and 4) finisher (135 to 230 lb). One hundred and twenty-eight pigs averaging 11.40 lb were used in the first two phases to investigate the effects of added carnitine on the performance of the early weaned pig. This also assisted in finding the proper carnitine administration period to elicit optimum growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing-finshing pigs. During phases I and II, one half of the pigs received a high nutrient density diet (HNDD) containing 1000 and 500 ppm, respectively, of carnitine; the other half received a HNDD with no added carnitine. These HNDD were formulated to contain 1.45% and 1.25% lysine, respectively. Pigs were allotted to pens on the basis of weight and sex, with each pen being randomly assigned to treatment. There was a total of 32 pens each containing four barrows or four gilts per pen. During phase I, pigs consuming the diet with carnitine were more efficient and had slightly higher daily gains. Nevertheless, during phase II, pigs receiving no carnitine had higher daily gains. Over the frrst 35 d of the trial, pigs offered no carnitine had higher daily gains and daily feed consumptions but were slightly less efficient. After the first two phases, pigs were reallotted within treatments on the basis of weight resulting in one of the following carnitine treatments: 1) feeding carnitine from weaning to market (15 to 230 lbs); (C/C) 2) carnitine during phases I and II only (C/N), 3) carnitine during growing-finishing only (N/C), and 4) no added carnitine (N/N). A total of 95 pigs (three pigs/pen) were used to provide eight replicates/treatment (four replicates/sex). Grower diets contained .85% lysine, and as pigs approached 135 lb, the lysine content was reduced to .75%. Carnitine was supplemented in the growingfinishing diets (N/C and C/C) at 25 ppm. During the growing-fmishing phase, there were no difference in performance among treatments. However, a significant increase occurred in longissimus muscle area of pigs receiving carnitine only during the growingfinishing phase as compared to pigs fed no additions of carnitine throughout the trial. This suggests that carnitine supplementation during the growing-fmishing phase increases loineye area, but has no effect on growth performance.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1992

The effect of L-carnitine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

Ninety-six crossbred pigs (initially 75 lb BW) were used to investigate the effect of increasing dietary carnitine on growth performance and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing swine. Pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were blocked by weight, ancestry, and sex in a randomized complete block design (two pigs per pen and eight pens per treatment). Dietary carnitine replaced cornstarch in the control diet to achieve added dietary carnitine levels of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm. Grower (75 to 125 lb) and finisher (125 to 227 lb) diets were formulated to contain 1.0% lysine and .80%, respectively. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based, contained .15% L-lysine HCl and 2.5% soy oil, and were fed in meal form. When the mean weight for pigs in a pen reached 227 lb, one pig per pen was slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics. Dietary carnitine did not influence growth performance during the growing or finishing phases. However, for the overall trial, the mean of all pigs fed dietary carnitine had numerically improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G) when compared with pigs fed the control diet. Dietary carnitine reduced average backfat thickness and tenth rib backfat depth and increased longissimus muscle area, with 50 ppm providing the maximum response. These data suggest that 50 ppm L-carnitine fed during the growing-finishing phase had no effect on growth performance but resulted in increased muscle deposition and reduced fat accretion as measured by longissimus muscle area and average and tenth rib backfat depth.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth, carcass characteristics, and metabolism of swine

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Spray-dried egg protein in diets for early-weaned starter pigs

A total of 197 weanling pigs (initially 11.7 lb and 18 d of age) was used in a 28 d growth trial to determine the influence of spray-dried egg protein as a protein substitute for either soybean meal or spray-dried porcine plasma on starter pig performance. Pigs were blocked by weight with six replications per treatment and seven to eight pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were based on level of egg protein (3 or 6%) added to a phase I high nutrient dense diet and the method of substitution (egg protein replacing either soybean meal or porcine plasma). A sixth treatment served as an initial test of an egg protein blend. Treatments were as follows: 1) Control, 2 and 3) 3% or 6% egg protein substituted for soybean meal, 4 and 5) 3% or 6% egg protein substituted for spray-dried porcine plasma, and 6) 4% egg protein blend substituted for spray-dried porcine plasma. The control diet contained 7.5% porcine plasma, 1.75% spraydried blood meal, and 20% dried whey. The egg products were substituted for the soybean meal or the porcine plasma on an equal lysine basis, maintaining the lysine level of all diets at 1.5%. Total added fat was maintained at 5% All pigs were fed a common diet from d 14 to 28 postweaning. During phase I, average daily gain (ADG) indicated that spray-dried egg protein was a suitable substitute for up to 3% porcine plasma or up to 6% soybean meal. However, pigs consuming the diet substituting 6% egg protein for porcine plasma had poorer ADG. Feed efficiency became poorer as spray-dried egg protein was substituted for 6% soybean meal or 3 to 6% porcine plasma. This indicates that the fat in spray-dried egg protein may be less available than soybean oil. Pigs fed the diet containing the 4% egg protein blend had poorer ADG and F/G than pigs fed the control diet. This indicates that 4% egg protein blend cannot effectively replace porcine plasma. These data suggest that spray-dried egg protein can replace at least 6% soybean meal and up to 3% porcine plasma in the phase I diet without reducing ADG; however, further research must be conducted to determine the digestibility of fat in the egg protein product.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993

Evaluation of potato protein in starter pig diets

In two separate trials, the use of potato protein (75% CP, 5.9% lysine), as a replacement for spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in Phase I and for spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) and select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) in Phase II diets (d 0 to 14 and d 7 to 28 postweaning, respectively), was evaluated. In Exp. 1, 185 weanling pigs (initially 9.7 Ib and 15.5 d of age) were blocked by weight and gender and allotted in a randomized complete block design to one of five dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to 1.5% lysine and .42% methionine and contained 3% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The experimental diets were formulated by substituting, on an equal lysine basis, additional SDPP (2.5 or 5% added; 5.5 or 8% total) or potato protein (2.6% or 5.1%) for soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. From d 14 to 28, all pigs were fed a common Phase II diet. During d 0 to 14 postweaning, pigs fed diets containing 5.5 or 8% SDPP had improved (P<.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared with those fed the control diet or the diet with 5.1 % potato protein. No differences were observed in ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs fed the diet with 2.6% potato protein compared with pigs fed the control diet or diets with additional SDPP. Feed intake was increased for pigs fed 8% SDPP and decreased for pigs fed the 5.1 % potato protein, when compared to the control group. Feed efficiency (G/F) was not affected by dietary treatment. Overall (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G among treatments. In Exp. 2, 270 weanling pigs (initially 13.7 lb and 20 d of age) were used. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender and assigned to each of three dietary treatments at weaning. There were 15 pigs per pen with six replicate pens per treatment. From d 0 to 7 postweaning, all pigs were fed the same diet that was formulated to 1.5% lysine and contained 10% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The Phase II experimental diets contained 10% dried whey and were formulated to 1.25% lysine and .34% methionine. The protein sources, 2.50% SDBM, 4.8% SMFM, or 3.92% potato protein, were substituted on an equal lysine basis, with all diets containing 22.63% SBM. From d 7 to 28 postweaning, pigs fed potato protein had decreased ADG and F/G. No differences occurred between pigs fed either SDBM or SMFM. These results suggest that potato protein as a plant protein should replace these more expensive animal protein sources only in limited amounts.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Interactive effects among L-carnitine, Paylean (Ractopamine.HCl), and dietary energy density on commercial finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics.

Growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated on 1,104 pigs fed combinations of L-carnitine, Paylean, and added fat in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments of L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and fat (0 or 6%) were initiated at approximately 97 lb. Paylean (0 or 9 g/ton) was fed for the last 4 weeks prior to market. Supplementing dietary carnitine did not affect (P>0.25) growth performance of pigs between 97 to 203 lb. The addition of 6% dietary fat improved (P<0.01) ADG and F/G during this period. During the last 4 weeks of the experiment, when Paylean was fed, a carnitine × Paylean interaction was observed (P<0.04) for ADG and F/G. Both carnitine and Paylean improved growth performance; however, the responses were not additive. Pigs fed added fat had improved (P<0.05) feed efficiency during the Paylean supplementation period.

Influence of dietary carnitine and/or chromium on blood parameters of gestating sows.

Gestating sows (n=44; parity=2.0; BW=458 lb) were used to determine the effects of dietary Carnitine and/or chromium picolinate on daily blood parameter profiles. Diets were formulated as a 2 × 2 factorial with carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and chromium (0 or 200 ppb) and were fed from breeding, through gestation, lactation, and 30 d into the next gestation at which time blood was collected. Sows were fed one meal per day during gestation (2.1 kg) and ad libitum during lactation. Sows were fitted with indwelling venous catheters and blood (plasma) was collected at feeding, once every 15 min for the first 3 h after feeding, and at 6, 9, 15, 20, and 24 h after feeding. Chromium picolinate elicited its greatest effect immediately after feeding (0-3 h) by decreasing (P 0.10); however, sows fed carnitine had numerically higher (P=0.11) IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (P=0.06). In summary, the changes in metabolites and metabolic hormones indicate that both carnitine and chromium influence energy metabolism of gestating sows; however, their effects on blood parameters are different. Thus, the improvement in energy status from adding both carnitine and chromium may have an additive effect on reproductive performance of sows.

The effects of substituting spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants for spray-dried plasma protein in phase I diets

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1995 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.