Lewis E. Anderson

Mosses of Eastern North America

IntroductionVOLUME 1Class SphagnopsidaClass AndreaeopsidaBryopsidaSubclass ArchidiidaeSubclass BryidaeOrder FissidentalesOrder ByroxiphialesOrder SchistostegalesOrder DicranalesOrder PottialesOrder GrimmialesOrder FunarialesOrder BryalesVOLUME 2Order IsobryalesOrder HookerialesOrder HypnobryalesSubclass BuxbaumiidaeSubclass TetraphididaeSubclass PolytrichidaeConspectus of TaxaGlossaryBibliographyIndex

Hoyer's solution as a rapid permanent mounting medium for bryophytes

Hoyers solution is a rapid permanent mounting medium which has been in general use for many years by entomologists and more especially acarologists. It has been found to be quite satisfactory for mounting small insects and mites, specimens of which have been preserved for more than twenty years at the U. S. National Museum without deterioration.2 It is also used extensively by mycologists who have employed it in making permanent whole mounts of fungi. Several years ago I mentioned the problem of making permanent mounts of mosses and liverworts to Dr. Leland Shanor, a distinguished mycologist of the University of Illinois, and he suggested that Hoyers might prove satisfactory as a mounting medium for bryophytes. Since then the solution has been tested on a considerable variety of mosses and liverworts by myself as well as some of my colleagues and the results to date have been particularly encouraging. Inasmuch as I have seen no mention of Hoyers solution in bryological literature it seems desirable to call attention to its usefulness for bryophytes. The formula for Hoyers solution is as follows: Distilled water 50 cc. Gum arabic (U. S. P. Flake) 30 grams Chloral hydrate 200 grams Glycerin 20 cc.

A Checklist of Sphagnum in North America North of Mexico

The checklist includes a listing of the species and varieties of Sphagnum in North America, north of Mexico. In all, 72 species and six varieties are recognized. A list of synonyms and excluded taxa is included. By mutual consent, the checklist for Sphagnum is listed separately. Crum has recently (1984) pub- lished a revision of this genus for North America. The list published here, therefore, offers an alter- native to those who might prefer a somewhat dif- ferent taxonomy from that presented by Crum. The list of synonyms provides a cross-index so that users can select the names and authorities as they choose. The present list comprises 78 taxa for North America, including 72 species and six varieties. In contrast, Crums revision contains 50 species and 16 varieties, or a total of 66 taxa, for the same area. I acknowledge with grateful thanks the help of

Spore Dispersal Distances in Atrichum angustatum (Polytrichaceae)

Spores released from two colonies of Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G. in North Carolina were sampled within a 15-m radius of each colony to determine the scale and pattern of dispersal. The density of recovered spores decreased inversely with increasing height and distance from the center of each colony. Of the counted spores, 94% fell within 2 m of the colony centers, and only 1% of the recovered spores were collected from the 15-m perimeter of the study areas. Nevertheless, when the increased volume of air associated with greater sampling distance was considered, 4.5 million and 2.4 million spores were estimated to have reached the limits of the study areas of colonies I and II, respectively. The total number of spores dispersed was estimated to be 69 million for colony I and 25.8 million for colony II. It is clear from our data that spore dispersalfrom an established population of mosses in a wooded area is not necessarily restricted to its immediate perimeter.

INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF MOSSES IN TOLERANCE TO COPPER AND ZINC

Bryophytes are often viewed as slowly evolving with little genetic variation within and among populations. A study of heavy‐metal tolerance was initiated to test the capacity of bryophytes to undergo genetic differentiation in response to natural selection.

Peristome Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution. IV. Haplolepideae: Ditrichaceae and Dicranaceae

The classification of mosses into subclasses and orders is based to a large extent on the morphology of the peristome teeth, yet little information exists on development of peristomes. In this paper we describe the sequences of cell divisions leading to peristome formation in six species of mosses representing two families with haplolepideous peristome structure. The earliest develop- mental stages conform to the pattern documented in other mosses and highlight the uniformity of these early stages among mosses of diverse relationship. Peristome development in haplolepideous mosses diverges from the pattern found in diplolepideous species when each of eight cells in the Inner Peristomial Layer undergoes anticlinal divisions. Haplolepideous species share a pattern of peristome development that appears to be unique to this group of mosses. Similarities in the ar- rangement of cells comprising mature haplolepideous peristomes and early stages of Bryum-type diplolepideous peristomes may indicate a relationship between these peristome types, or may be due in part to evolutionary convergence. Developmental evidence suggests that haplolepideous peristome teeth are homologous to the cilia of Bryum-type peristomes rather than to the endostome segments, as is commonly thought.

Peristome Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution. III. Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum pseudocapillare, and B. bicolor

Peristome morphology provides much of the basis for the modern classification of mosses. Arthrodontous moss peristomes are generally divided into haplolepideous and diplolepid- eous types. Diplolepideous peristomes are further divided into Funaria- and Bryum-types. The Fu- naria-type peristome, characteristic of the Funariaceae, has been interpreted as primitive with regard to the other arthrodontous types. The complete developmental sequence leading to peristome formation in Funaria hygrometrica is the first such study from the Funariaceae. Development of the peristome in Bryum bicolor and B. pseudocapillare is also described and the sequences of cell divisions preceding differentiation of the teeth are compared to those in Funaria. An important difference between Bryum- and Funaria-type peristomes is the relative displacement of anticlinal walls in adjacent peristomial layers of the Bryum-type; displacement does not occur in the Funaria-type. We have determined that displacement can be traced both to the position of some anticlinal walls at their formation, and to the shifting of other walls late in development of Bryum-type peristomes. The tremendous variation in peristome struc- ture among mosses can be understood with ref- erence to just a few basic types of peristomes. Peristomes can vary in the number and arrange- ment of cells in each of the three cell-layers that form the teeth, in the position and amount of secondary wall deposition that occurs in these layers, or in both features. Extreme differences often exist between the peristomes of closely related moss species, but these differences gen- erally reflect variation in the pattern of second- ary wall deposition or resorption, despite an underlying uniformity in the arrangement of cells in the peristomial layers. For example, in the Bryaceae, peristomes may be double, single, or absent, yet the anatomy of the peristomial layers is quite uniform (Shaw 1985a). Although variation in the patterns of peri- stomial wall deposition among mosses has been extensively documented in recent years using both light and scanning electron microscopy, the development of the peristomial layers pre- ceding deposition of the teeth is less well- known. This paper is the third in a series (Shaw

Howard Crum (1922–2002)

University of Michigan Herbarium 18: 3-38). Therefore, we will not try to repeat all the information that was there, and readers are referred to that article for more detail than provided here. Howard was born in Mishawaka, Indiana on July 14, 1922. After high school he followed his aunt and older brothers to Western Michigan Teachers College (now Western Michigan University) in Kalamazoo. World War II, however, interrupted Howards education, and he volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Force. From 1942 to 1945, Howard served as a cryptographer (could this have influenced his subsequent entry into cryptogamy?) in North Africa and the Middle East. He often talked

Weissia sharpii, a New Species from North America, with Cytological and Ecological Correlations1

Weissia sharpii is described as a new species, whose type locality is Jefferson County, Tennessee. It is closely allied with W. controversa Hedw. but differs in having a tetraploid chromosome number, n = 26; loosely adhering dark green tufts; broadly lanceolate, acute leaves with loosely inrolled margins; and larger leaf cells which have higher and more variable papillae. The new spe- cies is apparently restricted to limestone and dolomitic substrates and has been found only in cedar-oak bluffs and cedar barrens of southwestern Virginia, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, northern Alabama and Georgia, and southern Missouri and northern Arkansas.

Early History of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society1

Several articles have been published over the years that deal in one way or another with the history of THE BRYOLOGIST and The American Bryological and Lichenological Society. The most authentic account of the founding and very early history of The Sullivant Moss Society is that of Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith (1917), one of the founders and a principal player in the origin of both the Journal and the Society. Conard (1947) prepared a history of the Society for the 50th anniversary volume of THE BRYOLOGIST, arranged according to subject matter. A résumé of the history of bryology and lichenology in this country by Rudolph (1969) contains much useful information concerning bryologists, but does not emphasize the Journal or the Society. Steere’s (1977) account of North American muscologists is informative but, like Rudolph’s paper, emphasizes individual bryologists and only incidentally mentions the Journal and the Society. More recently, Reese and Culberson (1997) have compiled a complete list of Editors of THE BRYOLOGIST, and the volumes each edited. Brief historical notes of changes in makeup of THE BRYOLOGIST over the 100 years of its existence are carefully recorded. How did it happen that a journal and society devoted to bryophytes and lichens occur at the close of the Century and not earlier or later? For one thing, the time was ripe. Sullivant (Fig. 1), the namesake of The Sullivant Moss Society, who lived from 1803 to 1873, was the first bryologist born in this country to devote his career to bryophytes