Luciana Fontes Pessôa

Interações Mãe-Bebê de Um e Cinco Meses: Aspectos Afetivos,Complexidade e Sistemas Parentais Predominantes

Early interactions seem to be adaptive, it is fundamental to know them in order to understand human ontogenesis. This study compares data of observations of mother-baby dyads, analyzing the behavior of the partners, the complexity of the interchanges and their affective components. The participants were 56 dyads (28 with one-month old babies and 28 with five-month old babies), filmed in their homes in free situations. Interaction episodes were identified and analyzed. The results showed the effect of the factor type of dyad (one or five months-old babies) in four dependent variables that indicate complexity of the interactions. Differences in the manifestation of reciprocal affectivity of the partners were observed in the two groups. The interactions were predominantly face-to-face when the babies are one-month old, and the system of object stimulation is predominant when the babies are five-months old. This indicates a tendency observed in Western urban groups. The affective manifestations and the presence of interactions which are characterized by the system of body contact favor the formulation of a hypothesis of the presence of an autonomous relational pattern. The results confirm the literature about the possibility of interchanges in initial stages of the development, and the study contributes for the knowledge of its characteristics. The affective aspect is stressed, and its constitutive role in interactions is emphasized, assuming its importance in child development.

Interações iniciais mãe-bebê

This study aimed at analyzing the characteristics of initial mother-baby interactions in a Brazilian urban environment; the relationship between the interaction characteristics, mothers activities and their conception about the babys competences; and the relationship between the characteristic of those activities and the babys awareness state. A sample of 30 mother-baby dyads was observed. The dyads consisted of mothers and her babies who were, on average, 29-days old. The dyads were videotaped for 20 minutes and the mothers were asked to answer a questionnaire. The data were analyzed in terms of the percentage of the occurrences of the dyads activities and interaction. The episodes of interaction observed were short-term, mainly face-to-face, having a specific context and mostly distinguished as social activities. The babies were evaluated as active and participant in the social exchange. The results contribute with important elements for the discussion of the nature of the first interactional processes.

Brazilian mothers' description of their children: dimensions of autonomy and relatedness

Development of the self is oriented according to cultural models, such as: interdependent, independent, and autonomous-related. This study aimed to investigate how Brazilian mothers describe their children and the presence of autonomy and relatedness in their descriptions. Ninety-four mothers with children with ages ranging from 17 to 22 months were interviewed. The results indicate that mothers valued children being intelligent, active, loving and caring. Children were described with more positive than negative temperament characteristics. No significant difference was observed between the proportion of descriptors in the Independence and Relatedness category. This indicates a tendency towards an autonomous-related model, corroborating evidence of previous Brazilian studies. The present study brings evidence to socialization trajectories of Brazilian mothers and contributes to the literature on parental beliefs.

Comunicação afetiva nos cuidados parentais

Together, these investigations point to the importance of considering parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expression and emotional communication in understanding of development processes. Discusses the need for cultural variations are contemplated involved. Affection and emotion are considered crucial dimensions of parental care with consequences on child development through everyday practices, parental beliefs, and expectations that guide the way to raise and to educate children. Evidence accumulated in recent decades has highlighted the role of emotional exchanges between parent and their children for a healthy development. It was intended in this work add new results obtained with Brazilian participants. Two studies were performed, one with mothers of infants up to one year , and another, a longitudinal one, with children of five and twenty months-old. Both were conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Together, these investigations indicate the importance of being considered parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expressions and affective communication in understanding of development processes. It s also discussed the need to consider cultural variations involved.Together, these investigations point to the importance of considering parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expression and emotional communication in understanding of development processes. Discusses the need for cultural variations are contemplated involved. Affection and emotion are considered crucial dimensions of parental care with consequences on child development through everyday practices, parental beliefs, and expectations that guide the way to raise and to educate children. Evidence accumulated in recent decades has highlighted the role of emotional exchanges between parent and their children for a healthy development. It was intended in this work add new results obtained with Brazilian participants. Two studies were performed, one with mothers of infants up to one year , and another, a longitudinal one, with children of five and twenty months-old. Both were conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Together, these investigations indicate the importance of being considered parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expressions and affective communication in understanding of development processes. It´s also discussed the need to consider cultural variations involved.

FALA MATERNA DIRIGIDA À CRIANÇA EM CENÁRIOS COMUNICATIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: UM ESTUDO LONGITUDINAL

Esse estudo longitudinal analisa as caracteristicas da fala materna dirigida a crianca, identificando a transicao de cenarios comunicativos especificos. Quatro diades maes-bebe foram filmadas dos 13 aos 24 meses da crianca. As instâncias de fala materna foram classificadas em sentencas afirmativa, negativa, imperativa e interrogativa. A transicao do cenario comunicativo atencional para o cenario comunicativo simbolico foi tambem identificada. Percebeu-se que ha uma tendencia do cenario atencional diminuir e do simbolico aumentar sua percentagem de tempo ao longo do desenvolvimento da crianca em todas as diades observadas. Tipos especificos de sentencas maternas predominaram em determinados periodos do desenvolvimento. Acredita-se que este estudo traz uma contribuicao para a literatura relativa a fala materna no desenvolvimento inicial, com dados do contexto brasileiro.

A análise da fala materna dirigida a bebês em duas etapas do desenvolvimento

A linguagem e considerada um instrumento de mediacao simbolica que caracteriza a especie humana e e fundamental nas trocas interpessoais e na internalizacao dos processos constituidos nessas trocas. Neste artigo foram descritas contribuicoes teoricas acerca do desenvolvimento da linguagem, e o papel da fala do adulto nesse processo. O modelo de Roman Jackobson foi adotado para analise de caracteristicas pragmaticas da fala materna. Foram transcritas e analisadas as falas maternas em 40 diades, em dois momentos do desenvolvimento do bebe (30 dias e 5 meses). Foram ainda analisados os aspectos afetivos e cognitivos dessa linguagem. Os resultados mostraram uma predominância da funcao fatica em ambas as faixas etarias. Houve tambem predominância dos aspectos afetivos em relacao aos cognitivos. Acredita-se que o conhecimento das caracteristicas da fala materna em etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento e a identificacao dos aspectos pragmaticos, que podem colaborar para o desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil, sao de especial relevância.

Jovens e metas para o futuro: uma revisão crítica da literatura

En este trabajo se presenta una revision de la literatura sobre las metas de logro y las metas futuras de los jovenes, para identificar las principales orientaciones teoricas que guian los estudios y las discutimos desde la perspectiva de la Psicologia Evolutiva. Tres grandes ejes teoricos fueron encontradas en la revision llevada a cabo: (a) estudios basados en la Teoria de la Perspectiva del Tiempo Futuro, (b) estudios basados en la Teoria de Autodeterminacion, y (c) estudios dedicados a la investigacion de los factores neurales y cognitivos asociados con el desarrollo de metas para el futuro. Con base en las teorias de Descuento Futuro y Estrategias de Historia de Vida, propuestas por la Psicologia Evolutiva, sintetizamos un modelo diferenciado para el estudio del tema, con participacion de variables sociodemograficas, economicas y contextuales especificas.

Regulação dos Estados de Vigília de Bebês (um e cinco meses) em Contextos Diádicos Mãe-bebê

As caracteristicas individuais do bebe, os contextos especifi cos nos quais ele se desenvolve, e as atividades realizadas pelos adultos, interrelacionam-se, constituindo um sistema dinâmico que permite a regulacao dos estados de vigilia do mesmo. Neste artigo foram analisadas comparativamente as mudancas nos estados de vigilia em dois momentos do desenvolvimento, aos trinta dias e aos cinco meses, e identifi cadas as atividades maternas e os contextos especifi cos associados a essas mudancas. Trinta diades mae-bebe foram fi lmadas por quinze minutos em suas residencias. Os estados foram classifi cados em: sono, sonolencia, alerta, inquietacao e choro. Bebes de cinco meses apresentaram capacidade de regulacao mais previsivel, tipos de transicao mais restritos, maior capacidade de manutencao em um estado especifi co e mais atividades em um maior numero de contextos. Ha indicacoes do desenvolvimento da capacidade do bebe de regulacao de seus estados de vigilia de forma articulada ao papel do adulto e do contexto.

Sistemas de cuidados e o discurso de diferentes cuidadores do Rio de Janeiro: evidências de trajetória de desenvolvimento

The care of young children in urban and Western societies has currently been shared, especially between daycare services, nannies, and maternal grandmothers, mainly in middle-class families. When considering the developmental process and its trajectories in the context studied, it is necessary to take the beliefs of these different caregivers into consideration. Therefore, studying and understanding the development trajectories in the childrens construction of self that are evident in the discourse of different caregivers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is important. A semi-structured interview using five photographs representing different Parental Care Systems was conducted with a total of 60 dyads composed of mothers of children up to one year old and a child care provider: grandmothers, nannies, and daycare educators, 20 dyads of each, respectively. Body contact and face-to-face contact were the most frequent mentioned discourse of the respondents. The characteristics of these discourses are discussed in terms of their beliefs and the tendencies of development trajectories prioritized.

Concepções sobre autonomia em faixas etárias diversas

Autonomia e relacao sao tendencias universais desenvolvidas ao longo da ontogenese, concomitantes com distintas fases psicossociais. A autonomia e compreendida como uma necessidade psicologica que nao exclui a de relacao com os outros e proximidade interpessoal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as crencas e concepcoes sobre autonomia em diferentes faixas etarias. Participaram 110 sujeitos, dentre eles criancas de 10 a 13 anos de idade; adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos; jovens e adultos entre 20 e 50 anos; e adultos acima dos 50. Os participantes responderam um questionario de dados sociodemograficos e a questao de evocacao de palavras ou expressoes relacionadas a autonomia. Utilizando a analise de conteudo tematico-categorial, foram estabelecidas dez categorias, e as respostas foram classificadas de acordo com elas. Diferencas entre as faixas etarias foram encontradas, sendo que as categorias independencia e senso de liberdade foram as mais frequentes. Os resultados sugerem o desenvolvimento de um processo continuo com a construcao da identidade se dando ao longo do ciclo vital.