Deise Maria Leal Fernandes Mendes

Interações Mãe-Bebê de Um e Cinco Meses: Aspectos Afetivos,Complexidade e Sistemas Parentais Predominantes

Early interactions seem to be adaptive, it is fundamental to know them in order to understand human ontogenesis. This study compares data of observations of mother-baby dyads, analyzing the behavior of the partners, the complexity of the interchanges and their affective components. The participants were 56 dyads (28 with one-month old babies and 28 with five-month old babies), filmed in their homes in free situations. Interaction episodes were identified and analyzed. The results showed the effect of the factor type of dyad (one or five months-old babies) in four dependent variables that indicate complexity of the interactions. Differences in the manifestation of reciprocal affectivity of the partners were observed in the two groups. The interactions were predominantly face-to-face when the babies are one-month old, and the system of object stimulation is predominant when the babies are five-months old. This indicates a tendency observed in Western urban groups. The affective manifestations and the presence of interactions which are characterized by the system of body contact favor the formulation of a hypothesis of the presence of an autonomous relational pattern. The results confirm the literature about the possibility of interchanges in initial stages of the development, and the study contributes for the knowledge of its characteristics. The affective aspect is stressed, and its constitutive role in interactions is emphasized, assuming its importance in child development.

Brazilian mothers' description of their children: dimensions of autonomy and relatedness

Development of the self is oriented according to cultural models, such as: interdependent, independent, and autonomous-related. This study aimed to investigate how Brazilian mothers describe their children and the presence of autonomy and relatedness in their descriptions. Ninety-four mothers with children with ages ranging from 17 to 22 months were interviewed. The results indicate that mothers valued children being intelligent, active, loving and caring. Children were described with more positive than negative temperament characteristics. No significant difference was observed between the proportion of descriptors in the Independence and Relatedness category. This indicates a tendency towards an autonomous-related model, corroborating evidence of previous Brazilian studies. The present study brings evidence to socialization trajectories of Brazilian mothers and contributes to the literature on parental beliefs.

Comunicação afetiva nos cuidados parentais

Together, these investigations point to the importance of considering parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expression and emotional communication in understanding of development processes. Discusses the need for cultural variations are contemplated involved. Affection and emotion are considered crucial dimensions of parental care with consequences on child development through everyday practices, parental beliefs, and expectations that guide the way to raise and to educate children. Evidence accumulated in recent decades has highlighted the role of emotional exchanges between parent and their children for a healthy development. It was intended in this work add new results obtained with Brazilian participants. Two studies were performed, one with mothers of infants up to one year , and another, a longitudinal one, with children of five and twenty months-old. Both were conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Together, these investigations indicate the importance of being considered parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expressions and affective communication in understanding of development processes. It s also discussed the need to consider cultural variations involved.Together, these investigations point to the importance of considering parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expression and emotional communication in understanding of development processes. Discusses the need for cultural variations are contemplated involved. Affection and emotion are considered crucial dimensions of parental care with consequences on child development through everyday practices, parental beliefs, and expectations that guide the way to raise and to educate children. Evidence accumulated in recent decades has highlighted the role of emotional exchanges between parent and their children for a healthy development. It was intended in this work add new results obtained with Brazilian participants. Two studies were performed, one with mothers of infants up to one year , and another, a longitudinal one, with children of five and twenty months-old. Both were conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Together, these investigations indicate the importance of being considered parental beliefs and practices related to emotional expressions and affective communication in understanding of development processes. It´s also discussed the need to consider cultural variations involved.

Human Development: The Role of Biology and Culture

This chapter discusses contemporary tendencies in Developmental Psychology, the concept of development in ontogenesis, and basic assumptions to study them. We assume a life cycle perspective from an evolutionary and social-cultural orientation. This perspective aims at understanding ontogenesis as based in our phylogenetic history and occurring in specific social-cultural and historical contexts. The inseparable relationship between biology and culture is highlighted, and we discuss the importance of considering groups from the majority world, beyond specific Anglo-Saxon North American and European ones. Recent research on different aspects of development are presented and discussed as examples of the perspectives adopted.

Modelos de Self e Expressão Emocional em Bebês: Concepções de Mães e Outras Cuidadoras

This study investigated socialization goals that express expectations and objectives related to the childs emotional development by mothers, grandmothers, nannies and childcare workers. The 120 participants filled out questionnaires and statistical tests were performed. The results showed that among mothers, 60% believed that children should learn to control emotions during the first three years, while 60% of the other caregivers, no. All of them found important a child smile, and over 90% believed that when smiling it´s more important for a child to express her/his emotions than to be friendly. Joy was nominated as the emotion that earlier a child manifests. There were statistically significant differences between the profiles in relation to the emergence of disgust F (1,117) = 3.92, surprise F (1,118) = 6.78, interest F (1,118) = 4.30, and distress F (1,117) = 4, 97. These results are discussed in terms of the appreciation of emotional expression in children, associated with trends for socialization according to a model of self autonomous or relational.

Regulação dos Estados de Vigília de Bebês (um e cinco meses) em Contextos Diádicos Mãe-bebê

As caracteristicas individuais do bebe, os contextos especifi cos nos quais ele se desenvolve, e as atividades realizadas pelos adultos, interrelacionam-se, constituindo um sistema dinâmico que permite a regulacao dos estados de vigilia do mesmo. Neste artigo foram analisadas comparativamente as mudancas nos estados de vigilia em dois momentos do desenvolvimento, aos trinta dias e aos cinco meses, e identifi cadas as atividades maternas e os contextos especifi cos associados a essas mudancas. Trinta diades mae-bebe foram fi lmadas por quinze minutos em suas residencias. Os estados foram classifi cados em: sono, sonolencia, alerta, inquietacao e choro. Bebes de cinco meses apresentaram capacidade de regulacao mais previsivel, tipos de transicao mais restritos, maior capacidade de manutencao em um estado especifi co e mais atividades em um maior numero de contextos. Ha indicacoes do desenvolvimento da capacidade do bebe de regulacao de seus estados de vigilia de forma articulada ao papel do adulto e do contexto.

Sistemas de cuidados e o discurso de diferentes cuidadores do Rio de Janeiro: evidências de trajetória de desenvolvimento

The care of young children in urban and Western societies has currently been shared, especially between daycare services, nannies, and maternal grandmothers, mainly in middle-class families. When considering the developmental process and its trajectories in the context studied, it is necessary to take the beliefs of these different caregivers into consideration. Therefore, studying and understanding the development trajectories in the childrens construction of self that are evident in the discourse of different caregivers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is important. A semi-structured interview using five photographs representing different Parental Care Systems was conducted with a total of 60 dyads composed of mothers of children up to one year old and a child care provider: grandmothers, nannies, and daycare educators, 20 dyads of each, respectively. Body contact and face-to-face contact were the most frequent mentioned discourse of the respondents. The characteristics of these discourses are discussed in terms of their beliefs and the tendencies of development trajectories prioritized.

Maternal sensitivity in mother-infant interactions in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil

This article reports on a study of maternal sensitivity in 22 primiparous women and their infants from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted, as well as videotaped naturalistic home observations of the dyads. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to examine patterns of risk in relation to maternal sensitivity. The results reveal that compared to the 15 mothers with higher sensitivity scores, the 7 mothers with lower sensitivity scores were characterized by lower educational levels, lower income, lower age, living in a slum, unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, and later onset of prenatal care. Whether father was resident did not appear to distinguish between the lower and higher sensitivity groups. The article concludes that the patterns of social-contextual risk for Brazilian mothers showing less sensitive caregiving to their infants provide a clear direction for future research in this cultural context.

Metas de socialização da emoção: um estudo de mães residentes no meio rural

This study investigated the emotional socialization goals in 40 mothers of children with 1 to 35 months aged, resident in a county of Para State. The following instruments were used to data collect: Participants Identification Form (FIP), Sociodemographic Data Form (FDSD) and Emotional Socialization Goals Questionnaire (QMSE). A categorical thematic analysis was implemented, as support to the questionnaire data. The frequencies of responses for each category and the sociodemographic data, were analyzed through a descriptive method. It was verified that the majority of mothers mentioned goals related to automaximization (47.7%) and emotivity (19.3%). Moreover, the majority emphasized their concern to play an active role in childrens emotional development (44.7%), directly contributing to the childs acquisition of desired emotional characteristics from daily advices and examples (69.7%). These results suggest that mothers of rural environment remain with their children for a long period of their daily routine. Therefore, these mothers tend to transmit certain emotions (e.g.happiness, kindness and affection to others) more intensely, besides helping in comprehension of emotional and socialization goals. For this reason, new investigations might be necessary, in order to capture permanences and changes of such behaviors.

Concepções sobre autonomia em faixas etárias diversas

Autonomia e relacao sao tendencias universais desenvolvidas ao longo da ontogenese, concomitantes com distintas fases psicossociais. A autonomia e compreendida como uma necessidade psicologica que nao exclui a de relacao com os outros e proximidade interpessoal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as crencas e concepcoes sobre autonomia em diferentes faixas etarias. Participaram 110 sujeitos, dentre eles criancas de 10 a 13 anos de idade; adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos; jovens e adultos entre 20 e 50 anos; e adultos acima dos 50. Os participantes responderam um questionario de dados sociodemograficos e a questao de evocacao de palavras ou expressoes relacionadas a autonomia. Utilizando a analise de conteudo tematico-categorial, foram estabelecidas dez categorias, e as respostas foram classificadas de acordo com elas. Diferencas entre as faixas etarias foram encontradas, sendo que as categorias independencia e senso de liberdade foram as mais frequentes. Os resultados sugerem o desenvolvimento de um processo continuo com a construcao da identidade se dando ao longo do ciclo vital.