Macarena Gálvez Herrer

Assessing Workplace Bullying: Spanish Validation of a Reduced Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire

The aim of the present study was to validate a reduced Spanish version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997). This instrument, which has been widely used in various studies, was developed to measure workplace bullying. Two samples, the first comprising 352 employees from 11 organizations, and the second comprising victims of bullying who were recruited from 15 Spanish associations against bullying, participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with the data from the first sample revealed a two-factor solution that accounted for 63.3% of the total variance. The data from the second sample were used for confirmatory factor analyses to compare three structure models of the NAQ (one factor, two independent factors, and two correlated factors). The results indicate that the correlated twofactor model provided the best fit to the data ( χ 2 /df = 2.1, CFI = .93, GFI = .95, RMR = .04, RMSEA = .06, AIC = 215.4). Reliability analysis showed that this 14-item Spanish version had high internal consistency. Significant correlations between the NAQ and its dimensions and diverse health and perceived stress scales were found, which provided evidence of construct validity. Taken conjointly, the results of this study support the use of the Spanish version of the reduced NAQ in future research.

Nuevos planteamientos en la evaluación del burnout. La evaluación específica del desgaste profesional médico

Objetivo Presentacion del desarrollo y validacion de la Escala del Sindrome de Desgaste Profesional Medico perteneciente al Cuestionario de Desgaste Profesional Medico (CDPM). Diseno Estudio descriptivo realizado en 2 fases, ambas de corte transversal. Fase I: analisis de las propiedades psicometricas del nuevo cuestionario referidas a la validez de constructo (analisis factorial exploratorio,consistencia interna y analisis factorial confirmatorio). Fase II: estudio de la validez convergente respecto al Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Emplazamiento y participantes Comunidad de Madrid. Fase I: 485 medicos (centros asistenciales de atencion primaria y hospitales). Fase II: nueva muestra de 100 medicos (centros asistenciales de atencion primaria). Mediciones principales Desgaste professional mediante la Escala del Sindrome de Desgaste Profesional Medico y Maslach Burnout Inventory. Resultados El analisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio del CDPM confirma 3 factores descriptivos del desgaste professional medico: agotamiento, distanciamiento y perdida de expectativas, con acceptable consistencia interna. La validez convergente se confirma con el MBI, especialmente en la dimension de agotamiento. Conclusiones La evaluacion de las propiedades psicometricas confirma la Escala del Sindrome de Desgaste Profesional Medico como un instrumento valido y especifico para el estudio de este.OBJECTIVE To introduce the development and validation of the Medical Professional Burnout Syndrome Scale belonging to the Questionnaire on Medical Professional Burnout (QMPB). DESIGN Descriptive and transversal study in two stages. Stage 1: analysis of the psychometric properties of the new questionnaire dealing with its construction validity (exploratory factorial analysis, internal consistency, and confirmatory factorial analysis). Stage 11: study of its convergent validity with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Community of Madrid, Spain. Stage I: 485 doctors (primary care centres and hospitals). Stage II: new sample of 100 doctors (primary care centres). MAIN MEASUREMENTS Professional burnout through the Medical Professional Burnout Syndrome Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS The exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis of the QMBP confirmed 3 factors that described medical professional burnout: Exhaustion, Distancing, and Loss of Hope, with an acceptable internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed with the MBI, especially in the Exhaustion dimension. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of psychometric properties confirmed the Medical Professional Burnout Syndrome Scale as a valid and specific instrument for studying burnout.

El trabajador con problemas de salud mental: Pautas generales de detección, intervención y prevención

Numerous studies have demonstrated the relationship between psychosocial work conditions and the mental health of employees, and especially the combination of low perceived control and high labor demands predicts mental health problems. Mental health disorders such us anxiety or depression have a big detrimental effect on the individual’s quality of life and the ability to function in the workplace. Mental health may also affect the perception of work characteristics. As a consequence, it is essential to design healthy jobs, stress reduction programs and return to work programs for employees with mental disorders. The aim of this paper is to review the main lines of prevention, detection and intervention in organizations that can promote healthy policies for the care and integration of workers with mental disorder.

El paciente que padece un trastorno psicótico en el trabajo: diagnóstico y tratamiento

La palabra psicosis se ha utilizado en Psiquiatría con significados muy diferentes. En ocasiones ha servido para agrupar a todos aquellos pacientes que en algún momento de su enfermedad mental sufren una alteración grave en su conexión con la realidad; así se denominaban psicosis orgánicas a las demencias y al delirium, psicosis tóxicas a los trastornos mentales graves inducidos por sustancias y se hablaba de psicosis maníaco-depresiva para describir a los trastornos bipolares. Daba lo mismo que la causa de esa desconexión de la realidad fuera una enfermedad conocida (enfermedad de Alzheimer), una sustancia (cocaína) o alguna alteración pendiente de caracterizar (esquizofrenia). Incluso se ha llegado a llamar psicótico a todo paciente grave, sobre todo cuando se evidenciaba un deterioro de su funcionamiento. Actualmente se prefiere utilizar la expresión episodio psicótico para calificar a un tipo de síntomas (delirios y alucinaciones) que pueden aparecer en diversas enfermedades médicas o psiquiátricas y que implican una distorsión de la realidad, bien en la esfera del pensamiento (delirios), bien en la esfera perceptiva (alucinaciones).

Utilidad preventiva del constructo "trastorno mental grave" en el ámbito sociosanitario

espanolIntroduccion: El constructo “trastorno mental grave” (TMG) puede ser muy util en la practica clinica y no solo en el ambito de la gestion de los recursos, al permitir disenar intervenciones preventivas, diagnosticas y terapeuticas efectivas, especialmente en el sector servicios y en profesiones de alta fiabilidad y seguridad (sanidad, defensa, transporte, etc.) en las que los errores suelen tener consecuencias directas adversas para la vida de las personas y los que se debe garantizar la maxima calidad y la seguridad de los usuarios. Objetivos: Revisar los principales aspectos a considerar en la elaboracion de protocolos de intervencion laboral ante trastornos mentales graves. Metodo: Revision de la bibliografia disponible. Conclusiones: Se proponen herramientas y procedimientos de utilidad para afrontar los casos clinicos graves en el ambito laboral sanitario, mejorar la calidad asistencial y contribuir a garantizar la seguridad de los usuarios y de los sanitarios enfermos. EnglishIntroduction: The concept of “serious mental disorder” (SMD) can be very useful in clinical medical practice, not only in the management resources area, allowing to design preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic effective interventions, but also in service area and in high reliability and security professions, such as health, defence, transport and so on. In these cases mistakes use to have direct and adverse consequences for people’s life that is way a maximum quality and safety must be guaranteed for the users. Objective: To check the principal aspects to consider in the production of intervention protocols for mental serious disorders in the workplace. Method: Review of the available bibliography. Conclusions: This article proposes tools and procedures to deal with serious clinical cases in health professional field in order to improve the attendance quality, contributing to the safety of the health workers and users.

Calidad de Vida Profesional y Burnout en Técnicos de Drogodependencias: Análisis Comparativo con otros Grupos Profesionales

espanolIntroduccion: Es comunmente aceptado que el grado de satisfaccion o bienestar de los trabajadores en su entorno profesional se relaciona de forma directa con la productividad y calidad del servicio prestado. En el caso de los tecnicos de drogodependencias los estudios realizados sobre calidad de vida profesional son particularmente escasos, siendo esta una poblacion sometida a importantes estresores laborales relacionados con la carga emocional de la tarea, tipo de pacientes, necesidad de trabajo en equipo, etc. Objetivo: El objetivo principal es analizar la relacion existente entre la calidad de vida profesional y el desgaste profesional en tecnicos de drogodependencias, comparando este grupo profesional con otros profesionales sanitarios que realizan su labor en otros campos y con profesionales no sanitarios. Material y metodo: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal y descriptivo en una muestra total de 233 sujetos. El 33% (n =77) desarrollan su actividad laboral en el ambito de las drogodependencias, 79 sujetos (33.3%) ejercen su profesion en el area sanitaria, y las 77 personas restantes (33%) pertenecen al grupo de poblacion general trabajadora. Todos ellos contestaron de forma anonima el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida Profesional (CVP 35) y el Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Resultados y conclusiones: Los profesionales de drogodependencias presentan menores puntuaciones de de calidad de vida profesional y mayores de desgaste profesional que otros grupos profesionales, siendo esta diferencia significativa respecto al grupo de trabajadores no sanitarios. Aspectos de la calidad de vida profesional tales como la carga de trabajo, la motivacion intrinseca y el apoyo directivo tienen efectos directo sobre algunos de los componentes del desgaste profesional, confirmando la importancia de la misma en la prevencion de un riesgo psicosocial del trabajo como es el desgaste profesional. EnglishIntroduction: It is widely known that employees’ job satisfaction and well-being is related to its productivity and quality of work. In the case of drug dependence technicians, existing research about its professional quality of life is scarce, being this a group exposed to several job stressors linked to emotional workload, patients, work team, etc. Aim: The main purpose is to analyze the relationship between professional quality of life and burnout in drug dependence technicians, compared to other sanitary and no sanitary professionals groups. Material and method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 233. 33% (n =77) are workers of drug dependence sector, 79 subjects work at sanitary area, and the rest of the sample (n =77) are general working population. All participants completed anonymously the Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results and conclusions: Drug dependence professionals showed lower professional quality of life scores and higher of burnout than other groups. Several aspects of professional quality of life such as workload, intrinsic motivation, and supervisor support showed a main effect on burnout, confirming its importance in preventing burnout.

Plan de retorno al trabajo tras baja laboral por motivos de salud mental

espanolLos autores, siguiendo las recomendaciones internacionales, revisamos la situacion actual en nuestro medio y proponemos unas lineas generales de actuacion, para asegurar una adecuada reincorporacion laboral de la persona, la adaptacion del puesto de trabajo (desempeno de tareas, interaccion del trabajador con equipos y lugares de trabajo, etc.) y el correcto funcionamiento de la organizacion. Con ello se pretende evitar situaciones de estigmatizacion y favorecer la adaptacion del trabajo a la persona. EnglishThe authors, following the international recommendations, we check the current situation in our way and propose a few general lines of performance, to assure a suitable labour reincorporation of the person, the adjustment of the working place (performance of tasks, interaction of the worker with equipments and places of work, etc.) and the correct functioning of the organization. With it one tries to avoid situations of estigmatizacion and to favor the adjustment of the work to the person.

The physician burnout questionnaire: A new definition and measure

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) has been the most widely used questionnaire in the evaluation of burnout. However, in both its theoretical formulation and its psychometric characteristics it poses some problems. In this paper we present the Physician Burnout Questionnaire (PhBQ), a new operationalization of physician burnout with three main components: Exhaustion, Disengagement, and loss of expectations. The PhBQ is a process model which includes four steps or subscales: antecedents, syndrome, consequences, and positive personal resources. This paper presents the development and validation of the PhBQ through two studies, the first on the psychometric characteristics of the measure, in particular concerning dimensionality of the PhBQ (examined by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), and internal consistency of its scales in a sample of 485 physicians working in 20 hospitals in Madrid (Spain). The second study focuses on convergent validation with a sample of 100 physicians working in 11 Primary Care centers in Madrid (Spain).

Monográfico sobre factores psicosociales: Salud laboral y salud mental: estado de la cuestión

espanolSe presenta una nota informativa sobre el proximo numero monografico de la revista Medicina y Seguridad en el Trabajo. Se incluye el fundamento teorico-practico que ha impulsado su elaboracion y el contenido principal del mismo. Desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, se abordaran temas tales como el acoso laboral, la violencia externa en el lugar de trabajo, los procesos de estres laboral y desgaste profesional, la perspectiva de genero en la prevencion de riesgos laborales, el conflicto trabajo-familia, la salud mental y laboral en poblacion trabajadora inmigrante, los problemas de drogodependencias y alcohol en el trabajo, la situacion de los trabajadores con discapacidad, de los trabajadores con trastorno mental, los modelos de bienestar y salud aplicados al trabajo y la gestion de la salud mental como parte de la salud laboral en las organizaciones EnglishIt presents a brief about the next special issue of the journal Medicina y Seguridad en el Trabajo. It includes theoretical and practical foundation that has driven its development and the main content of it. From a multidisciplinary perspective, issues such as bullying, external violence in the workplace, the processes of job stress and burnout, gender in risk prevention, work-family conflict, mental health and occupational health in migrant worker, drug addiction and alcoholism in the workplace, the situation of workers with disabilities, workers with mental disorders, the welfare models applied to occupational health and management mental health as part of occupational health.

Salud laboral y salud mental en población trabajadora inmigrante

Working motivation is the main reason of the migratory phenomenon. It means breaking with cultural, social and language barriers, both in the society of origin as in the receiving. Migration processes do not themselves involve mental health problems, but they raise situations of high vulnerability and challenges of integration. Based on a conceptualization of mental health as the physical, psychological and social well-being, in the present article we will review the legal status, social and labour, and how this relates to their mental and occupational health.