Marco Aurélio da Silva Carvalho Filho

Physico-chemical solid-state characterization of omeprazole sodium: thermal, spectroscopic and crystallinity studies.

The physical characterization of active pharmaceutical substances is crucial to the successful development of the final drug product. The different solid forms and variations in the degree of crystallinity can lead to significantly different physical and chemical properties, including color, morphology, stability, dissolution and bioavailability. In the case of omeprazole sodium (OMS), its chemical structures contain a specific number of water molecules (hydrate). The behavior of pharmaceutical hydrates has become the object of increasing attention over the past decade, primarily due to the potential impact of hydrates on the development process and dosage form performance. The present study was designed to characterize and evaluate the crystallinity of omeprazole sodium, dehydrated omeprazole sodium (DOMS) and omeprazole free base (OM) using a variety of techniques including thermal analysis (thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Furthermore, an NMR spectroscopy study was also carried out to clarify the conformation and crystal structure.

Thermal characterization of partially hydrolyzed cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch granules

Cassava starch, partially hydrolyzed by fungal a-amylase, was characterized using thermal analysis, light microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thermal degradation was initiated at lower degradation temperatures after enzymatic treatment and the DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) analysis showed almost similar range of gelatinization temperature, but the enthalpies of gelatinization were quite increased for the partially hydrolyzed starch granules. The results suggested that the partial degradation of the starch granules was concentrated in the amorphous regions.

Thermoanalytical and starch content evaluation of cassava bagasse as agro-industrial residue

As fracoes nutricionais bem como as propriedades termicas e outras analises sao essenciais para a industria de alimentos e suas aplicacoes O bagaco de mandioca e um importante residuo agroindustrial e seu teor de amido foi avaliado por dois metodos alternativos. A caracterizacao por analise termica e microscopia ajudou na compreensao de como a hidrolise digere a fracao amilacea do bagaco de mandioca, O ponto de fusao foi de 170oC, a analise termogravimetrica (TG) mostrou apos a perda de umidade do material, duas principais perdas de massa em todas as amostras analisadas. Os resultados sugerem que a hidrolise enzimatica e menos eficiente na conversao total de amido no bagaco de mandioca. No entanto, o uso de acido sulfurico degradou ate mesmo a parcela fibrosa do material, afetando as condicoes de analise.

Behaviour of phytic acid in the presence of iron(II) and iron(III)

Depending on the pH value, phytic acid presents high chelating potential bonding metallic ions thus inhibiting the production of reactivated oxygen species, which are responsible for the oxidative destruction in biological systems. Such chelating potential has been the basis of several studies on the antioxidant action in food products. The objective of this work was to study the degree of interaction of the phytic acid with the metallic ions Fe(II) and Fe(III), of biological importance, in near-physiological conditions and the stability of these complexes. Potentiometric titrations were applied to determine the constants of formation of the complexes phytic acid-Fe(II) and phytic acid-Fe(III) in aqueous solution, inert atmosphere, ionic strength of 0.100 mol.L –1 in potassium chloride, and temperature at 36 ± 0,1 °C. UV-Vis spectroscopic studies in the were conducted to investigate the formation of the complexes in the solution. The complexes phytic acid-Fe(II) and phytic acid-Fe(III) were synthesized and characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy and by thermoanalytical studies. The results indicate the bonding of the metallic ions and the phytic acid both in solution and in the solid state.

Antidiabetic activities of ethanol extract of dry matters of culture broth of Coriolus versiolor in submerged culture

The study aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of ethanol extract of the dry matter from culture broth of Coriolus versicolor (ECBC) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice. Blood glucose level, insulin level, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein -cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum and reduced glutathione level (GSH), lipid peroxidation, glycogen, antioxidant enzymes in liver were evaluated. Moreover, histopathological observation was conducted. Streptozotocin treatment (150 mg/kg body weight) induced the decrease of GSH level, antioxidant enzymes activities, glycogen content in liver, HDL-C content and insulin level in serum, accompanied by the elevation of the lipid peroxidation in liver, serum blood glucose level, contents of TC, TG and LDL-C. Treatment with ECBC restored the changes in the above parameters up to the basal level. The protective effects were further supported by the attenuation of the degree of pancreas damage in ECBC treated mice.

Adsorption of pharmaceuticals in water through lignocellulosic fibers synergism

The contamination of water from disposal of drugs is an emerging problem due to their consequences on trophic webs. This study evaluated the ability of sugarcane and coconut fiber to reduce water toxicity contaminated by pharmaceuticals. The toxicity of solutions containing pharmaceuticals was studied by bioassay using Allium cepa, before and after filtration of contaminated water. The coconut and sugarcane fiber have not been satisfactory in reducing toxicity when tested separately. Despite no induction of chromosomal aberrations, our study found a reduction of the mitotic index. The mixture of fibers showed better results providing total reduction of toxicity, in addition to maintenance in the mitotic index and induction of chromosome aberrations. The interaction between fibers and drugs was confirmed by Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analyses (TG/DTA) which presented differences in profile between the fibers before and after adsorption. The mixture of coconut and sugarcane proved viable for reduction of toxicity in contaminated water by a mixture of pharmaceuticals.

Influência do combustível (diesel e biodiesel) e das características da frota de veículos do transporte coletivo de Curitiba, Paraná, nas emissões de NOx

The public transportation system in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, is recognized by its innovative solutions; and is a model for Brazil. In this work, the influence of fuel (diesel and biodiesel) and the conditions of the public transport vehicle fleet of Curitiba in NOx emissions was assessed, and this is a pioneered initiative. A total of 188 vehicles (9.7% of the total) with engines of 7 and 12 L were selected, named B7R, B10M, B12M and B215RH, and measurements of NO and NO2 were performed in the exhaust output. In relation to the type of fuel, the emissions of NO and NO2 for biodiesel (B100) were, respectively, 37 and 26% superior to the values observed with the fuel diesel (S10). Comparing the engines B12M with up to 3 and 10 years of operation, the average emissions of NOx were close to 40% higher. Thus, it was possible to observe that the biodiesel vehicles had higher NOx emissions when compared with diesel vehicles in similar conditions of operation and engine wear time. Therefore, although the use of biodiesel brings environmental advantages, as renewable fuel, new technologies and devices must be developed to control emissions of NO and NO2 in engines that use this type of fuel. For future works the authors recommend tests on dynamometer to simulate NOx emission in diesel and biodiesel engine in different conditions of charge and engine speed.