Marianna Jacyna

Proecological approach to modelling traffic organization in national transport system

The paper presents a general approach to modelling traffic organization within the network of national transport system and with taking into account environmental aspects. General description of the model and necessary data for modelling are presented. The exact mathematical formulation of constrains and criteria functions assessing quality of traffic organization and taking into account level of emission of harmful compounds of exhaust gases are provided. The assessment of traffic organization in transport network is made in aspect of programming transport system development in ecological terms. Particular attention was paid to technical and ecological features of infrastructure and means of transport. What is important, model uses emission indexes set in real traffic conditions. The example of multi-variant distribution of freight traffic into the transport network is provided. Example was prepared with regard to environmental factors in simulation modelling tool EMITRANSYS developed in PTV VISUM.

Exhaust emissions from modes of transport under actual traffic conditions

The paper characterizes state-of-the-art PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment for exhaust emissions measurement under actual operating conditions. This equipment allows for measurement of the exhaust emissions from all modes of transport. In addition, the paper contains the results of exhaust emission research for engines of a variety of transport applications such as light duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles or non-road vehicles (farm tractors, groundwork and forest machinery). Own exhaust emission research results performed under different traffic conditions of new motor vehicles fuelled with different fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel and natural gas) have been compared with the type approval values that define the vehicle emission indexes. The analysis has been performed in relation to a vehicle but the proposed measurement methodology is also knitted to the engine operating conditions. The testing of heavy-duty vehicles described in the book was divided into several stages for which the results obtained for these vehicles were compared for loaded and unloaded vehicles. Ecological advantages of the city buses of different powertrain configurations have been determined (diesel, hybrid) on selected regular bus lines in the city center.

EXHAUST EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORT

Economic development of nations leads to a higher living comfort of the society. Rich societies want to move safely and independently and demand immediate availability of purchased goods or – in the case of Internet shopping – delivery in the shortest possible time. Such an approach facilitates a continuous growth in the number of road vehicles. At the current level of technology advancement, an increasing number of vehicles results in a growth of the consumption of fossil fuels, which entails increased exhaust emissions and that, in turn, has a negative impact on the health of the living organisms. Another negative consequence of an increased number of vehicles (increased road congestion) is the emission of noise. This problem is particularly significant in large agglomerations where people are surrounded by moving vehicles. This paper presents the extent of influence of the automotive industry on the natural environment and the extent of changes in vehicle design and organization of road infrastructure that were instituted to reduce the transport’s environmental burden. The further part of the paper presents a definition of the development of sustainable transport, its advantages and hurdles that we may encounter when modernizing a transport system. Subsequently in the paper, the measurements under actual vehicle operating conditions were described together with the possibilities of analysis of the research results and the advantages resulting from such an approach during the assessment of the impact of the automotive industry on the natural environment.

Technical and organizational conditions of designing warehouses with different functional structures

The article presents a discussion on designing warehouse facilities and processes as a part of logistics systems. The main technical and organizational conditions of designing and modelling warehouses as well as internal and external factors influencing warehouse operation are presented. The stochastic nature of these factors is indicated. In the next part, a six-piece model of the warehouse facility is presented and discussed. The model embraces spatial conditions of the object and hierarchical division of space for functional reasons, internal transport subsystem with its resources, warehousing process and a set of organizational assumptions for modelling and designing. Typical elements of warehousing process, classification of warehouses due to their functions and tasks, functional classification of warehouse facilities, technological and organizational conditions of designing warehouse facilities, warehouse designing loop, the determinants of warehouse designing, the elements of the model of a warehouse, functional structure of a warehouse, warehousing process, internal transport system, logistics task, work organization rules and informatics system are presented in the paper.

The parameters of passenger cars engine in terms of real drive emission test

This paper presents the preliminary concept research to develop the test used in the measurement of emissions in real traffic conditions for passenger vehicles. Work based on the lack of legal solutions for determining the environmental performance of light vehicles – as opposed to heavy-duty vehicles for which such regulations have specified. The elaboration is to compare the emission test used in clinical approval of passenger cars, while the synthesis of the results obtained under different conditions road tests. The intention is to develop a test for assessing the ecological vehicle in real traffic conditions, where restrictions will only drive type (gasoline engine, diesel engine, hybrid vehicle), which is consistent with the requirements of the certification tests. The result should be the foundation for the development of the test in terms of: the duration, to determine the operating conditions and vehicle and proposals for emission limit values.

Development of a sustainable road transport system

Significant progress has been made recently in reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment. The said progress mainly involves the reduction of exhaust emissions through the advancement of powertrains, the use of alternative fuels, preservation of natural resources and waste minimisation through recycling of end-of-life vehicles as well as reduction of noise emission. The greatest progress, however, can be achieved by the appropriate design of transport systems, particularly since most of the vehicles in use are fitted with conventional drive systems. Significant change in the level of environment pollution from automotive sources can be made through the application of traffic organisation solutions such as the design of road infrastructure hubs or traffic flow management in urban areas. In contrast to many other measures, the optimisation of traffic flow organisation has a huge advantage because it does not affect exclusively the selected but all vehicles involved in the traffic flow. This paper describes steps and basic guidelines related to the creation of a sustainable transport systems model. The model may be used to design environmentally-friendly transport systems that reduce negative environmental impact from vehicles and guarantee the efficient use of the road transport network.

On-road Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Cars using Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS)

The paper presents the results of on-road exhaust emission tests of Passenger Cars fitted with diesel engines. Under such conditions the authors could determine the actual vehicle emissions. The tests were performed on a road portion of a hundred kilometers or so these tests provide information on the on-road emissions and are a basis for their ecological evaluation. For the measurement of the exhaust emissions the authors used a Portable Exhaust Emissions System. The obtained data were used to calculate the relations that characterize the influence of the dynamic engine parameters on the exhaust emissions. These properties were taken into account indirectly using the whole range of speeds and accelerations of the vehicle for the preparation of the matrices of the emissions rate. The used data were averaged within individual speed and acceleration ranges thus obtaining the characteristics of the share of operation in individual ranges and the characteristics of the emission matrices of the individual emission components. The above results served for defining of the emission level indicator of the vehicles that can be used for classification of vehicle fleet in terms of their emission level. Keywords-PEMS; on-road tests; exhaust emissions; ecology

USE OF COMPUTER ASSISTANCE IN ORDER TO DESIGNATE THE TASKS IN THE MUNICIPAL SERVICES COMPANIES

In this article, the method of designating the tasks in the municipal services companies was described. Presented method consists of three phase: the preparatory phase, the optimization phase and the generated tasks phase. Each phase was characterized. In this paper, the mathematical model of this problem was presented. The function of criterion and the condition on designating the tasks were defined. The minimum route described in the optimization phase was designated by the genetic algorithm. In this paper, the stages of constructing of the genetic algorithm were presented. A structure of the data processed by the algorithm, a function of adaptation, a selection of chromosomes, a crossover, a mutation and an inversion were characterized. A structure of the data was presented as string of natural numbers. In selection process, the roulette method was used and in the crossover, process the operator PMX was presented. The method was verified in programming language C #. The process of verification was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the best parameters of the genetics algorithm were designated. In the second stage, the algorithm was started with these parameters and the result was compared with the random search algorithm. The random search algorithm generates 2000 routes and the best result is compared with the genetic algorithm. The influence of the inversion, the mutation and the crossover on quality of the results was examined.

THE ANT ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT OF VEHICLES TO TASKS IN THE MUNICIPAL SERVICES COMPANIES

In this article, the method of designating the assignment vehicles to tasks in the municipal services companies was described. This method consists of two stages, which were discussed. The first stage of the method of designating the assignment relies on determining the minimum route of the assignment, which consists of all the tasks. The second stage of the assignment is the stage of realization the route by the vehicles. In order to allocate the vehicles to tasks a concept of the elementary route was introduced. The problem of the assignment vehicles to tasks in the municipal services companies was characterized. The mathematical formulation of the assignment vehicles to the tasks was presented. The function of criterion determining the minimum route of the assignment was designated. The limit of driving time of a driver, the limit of the working time of a driver, the limit of realization all tasks, the limit of payload of the vehicle were described. The minimum route of the assignment was designated be means of the ant algorithm. The method was verified in programming language C #. The process of verification was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the best parameters of the ant algorithm were designated. In the second stage, the algorithm was started with these parameters and the result was compared with the random search algorithm. The random search algorithm generates 2000 routes and the best result is compared with the genetic algorithm. The influence of the parameters on quality of the results was examined.

The method for evaluation of efficiency of the concept of centrally managed distribution in cities

AbstractThe paper describes proecological solution dedicated for organizing logistics services in urban areas. Proposed solution is based on cross-docking processes combined with consolidation centres. Authors proposed new method of estimating economic and social benefits from implementing centrally managed cooperation of logistics operators using common city consolidation hubs. Developed mathematical model bases on Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with vehicles of different types, limited loading capacities and multiply depots characterized by limited throughput. Proposed approach was supported by case study of integration of distribution processes in Warsaw (Poland) performed by three medium-size logistics operators. The central management of distribution was investigated in variants assuming using existing warehouses and with new configuration of logistics network developed with using SIMMAG 3D tools. As it was proved for analysed case, total costs of distribution in the city after implementation of centr...