Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska

Identification and analysis of parameters for the areas of the highest harmful exhaust emissions in the model emitransys

The development of human civilisation has always been related to an increase in energy demand. The growth of transportation and an increase in the number of automobile vehicles in service produce a rising demand for fuel. Before piston IC engine is replaced with a different effective power source, it is necessary to use gaseous fuels on a larger scale than ever before. The natural resources of gaseous fuels are estimated to be much higher than crude oil reserves. Additionally, engines can run on biogas, i.e. gaseous renewable fuel. The use of gaseous fuels means lowering the harmful effect engines produce on the natural environment. Multi-fuelling, i.e. switching from one fuel to another, could be an advantageous feature of automobile combustion engine, both from the user’s standpoint and with respect to environmental concerns. Gaseous fuels have desirable properties that are especially suitable for fuel of spark ignition engines. The paper presents the engine test bench constructed at the Laboratory of Heat Engines of the Kielce University of Technology. The test stand comprises modern spark ignition engine Fiat 0.9 MultiAir and the eddy-current brake. At the test stand, the engine was converted to fuelling with three fuels, namely petrol, LPG gas blends and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine could run alternatively on the three fuels mentioned above. The stand is equipped with an external unit to control the engine work, which makes it possible to extend the range of the engine investigations.

Exhaust emissions from modes of transport under actual traffic conditions

The paper characterizes state-of-the-art PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment for exhaust emissions measurement under actual operating conditions. This equipment allows for measurement of the exhaust emissions from all modes of transport. In addition, the paper contains the results of exhaust emission research for engines of a variety of transport applications such as light duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles or non-road vehicles (farm tractors, groundwork and forest machinery). Own exhaust emission research results performed under different traffic conditions of new motor vehicles fuelled with different fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel and natural gas) have been compared with the type approval values that define the vehicle emission indexes. The analysis has been performed in relation to a vehicle but the proposed measurement methodology is also knitted to the engine operating conditions. The testing of heavy-duty vehicles described in the book was divided into several stages for which the results obtained for these vehicles were compared for loaded and unloaded vehicles. Ecological advantages of the city buses of different powertrain configurations have been determined (diesel, hybrid) on selected regular bus lines in the city center.

EXHAUST EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORT

Economic development of nations leads to a higher living comfort of the society. Rich societies want to move safely and independently and demand immediate availability of purchased goods or – in the case of Internet shopping – delivery in the shortest possible time. Such an approach facilitates a continuous growth in the number of road vehicles. At the current level of technology advancement, an increasing number of vehicles results in a growth of the consumption of fossil fuels, which entails increased exhaust emissions and that, in turn, has a negative impact on the health of the living organisms. Another negative consequence of an increased number of vehicles (increased road congestion) is the emission of noise. This problem is particularly significant in large agglomerations where people are surrounded by moving vehicles. This paper presents the extent of influence of the automotive industry on the natural environment and the extent of changes in vehicle design and organization of road infrastructure that were instituted to reduce the transport’s environmental burden. The further part of the paper presents a definition of the development of sustainable transport, its advantages and hurdles that we may encounter when modernizing a transport system. Subsequently in the paper, the measurements under actual vehicle operating conditions were described together with the possibilities of analysis of the research results and the advantages resulting from such an approach during the assessment of the impact of the automotive industry on the natural environment.

Some aspects of risk assessment in the logistics chain

The paper presents selected aspects of the evaluation of the effectiveness and risks of the logistics chain that supports the enterprise. It was assumed that the logistics chain includes all activities associated with the flow of materials from the sourcing of raw materials for sale to the ultimate purchaser of the product and the disposal of used products. It was found that the elements of the supply chain are usually unstable which generates difficulties in determining the appropriate level of the risk of the chain. The paper presents a formal record of risk and performance. There is proposed determination of the effectiveness of individual links of the logistics chain. The task of the logistics chain is to provide goods from producers to the final customers, thereby making available these goods in a place and time suited to the needs and expectations of customers. The movement of goods in the logistics chains is determined by the sequence of interrelated actions. In the logistics chains, many entities are involved to different extents. This determines the spatial distribution of different configuration of individual users of the whole logistics chain. In particular, example of a logistics chain of production company, stages of the procedures for quantitative risk analysis, the problems in the logistics chains, assessment of the risk of the task in the logistics chain, the concept of risk, effectiveness and risk in logistics chains are presented in the paper.

Exhaust emissions from vehicles in real traffic conditions in the Poznan agglomeration

The paper presents an attempt to evaluate the exhaust emissions generated by transport in the Poznan agglomeration. The basis for the modeling of the exhaust emissions was the on-going characteristics of the individual groups of vehicles and a forecasted structure change of these groups for the years 2012–2030. The determination of average on-road emissions as a function of daily distance covered by individual vehicle groups was the basis for the determination of the change in the annual pollution. The assumed values of the exhaust emission concentrations from passenger vehicles were based on the performed tests under actual traffic conditions while for the other categories the authors adopted the test results of earlier works of the research team with the Chair of Combustion Engines at Poznan University of Technology. In the paper the authors assumed an increase in the share of vehicles meeting the latest applicable emission standards as well as changes in the distance covered by the vehicles. The result of the analysis will be accumulated annual exhaust emissions for a given vehicle

The parameters of passenger cars engine in terms of real drive emission test

This paper presents the preliminary concept research to develop the test used in the measurement of emissions in real traffic conditions for passenger vehicles. Work based on the lack of legal solutions for determining the environmental performance of light vehicles – as opposed to heavy-duty vehicles for which such regulations have specified. The elaboration is to compare the emission test used in clinical approval of passenger cars, while the synthesis of the results obtained under different conditions road tests. The intention is to develop a test for assessing the ecological vehicle in real traffic conditions, where restrictions will only drive type (gasoline engine, diesel engine, hybrid vehicle), which is consistent with the requirements of the certification tests. The result should be the foundation for the development of the test in terms of: the duration, to determine the operating conditions and vehicle and proposals for emission limit values.

Development of a sustainable road transport system

Significant progress has been made recently in reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment. The said progress mainly involves the reduction of exhaust emissions through the advancement of powertrains, the use of alternative fuels, preservation of natural resources and waste minimisation through recycling of end-of-life vehicles as well as reduction of noise emission. The greatest progress, however, can be achieved by the appropriate design of transport systems, particularly since most of the vehicles in use are fitted with conventional drive systems. Significant change in the level of environment pollution from automotive sources can be made through the application of traffic organisation solutions such as the design of road infrastructure hubs or traffic flow management in urban areas. In contrast to many other measures, the optimisation of traffic flow organisation has a huge advantage because it does not affect exclusively the selected but all vehicles involved in the traffic flow. This paper describes steps and basic guidelines related to the creation of a sustainable transport systems model. The model may be used to design environmentally-friendly transport systems that reduce negative environmental impact from vehicles and guarantee the efficient use of the road transport network.

On-road Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Cars using Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS)

The paper presents the results of on-road exhaust emission tests of Passenger Cars fitted with diesel engines. Under such conditions the authors could determine the actual vehicle emissions. The tests were performed on a road portion of a hundred kilometers or so these tests provide information on the on-road emissions and are a basis for their ecological evaluation. For the measurement of the exhaust emissions the authors used a Portable Exhaust Emissions System. The obtained data were used to calculate the relations that characterize the influence of the dynamic engine parameters on the exhaust emissions. These properties were taken into account indirectly using the whole range of speeds and accelerations of the vehicle for the preparation of the matrices of the emissions rate. The used data were averaged within individual speed and acceleration ranges thus obtaining the characteristics of the share of operation in individual ranges and the characteristics of the emission matrices of the individual emission components. The above results served for defining of the emission level indicator of the vehicles that can be used for classification of vehicle fleet in terms of their emission level. Keywords-PEMS; on-road tests; exhaust emissions; ecology

Passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles exhaust emissions under real driving conditions

In the assumptions regarding to the transport policy both at the level of country and Europe there is the concept of sustainable development of transport. Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with Poznan University of Technology performs research work concerning the shaping of environmentally friendly transport system – Project EMITRANSYS. In this project, one of the conditions is to reduce exhaust emissions by means of transport. The paper presents the reasons for the testing of the exhaust emissions under Real Driving Emissions testing (RDE). Research potential of Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport at Poznan University of Technology in the area of road testing of passenger and heavy-duty vehicles has been presented in the paper. Example test results have been shown in the aspect of the emissionrelated classification of vehicles.

The Implementation of the Electric Taxi Fleet in the City of Poznan, Poland

Transport is an essential element of socio-economic growth, however, its development, besides the obvious benefits, generates a number of external costs such as congestion, noise, emission of harmful substances into the environment, depletion of non-renewable resources and energy consumption. One of the factors affecting the reduction of the environmental burden from road transport is the replacement of the conventionally-fueled vehicles by other types of powertrains, including the electric drives. The introduction of electric vehicles may become the key element in the sustainable transport strategy development in urban areas, but due to the fact that electric vehicles are still unpopular, the demand for these vehicles should be boosted by the vehicle fleet owners, especially by the companies providing transport services. The introduction of electric taxis requires the construction of an appropriate charging infrastructure, i.e. the selection of the charging station type and the determination of the number and locations of the stations. The paper outlines the progress in the introduction of electric taxi fleets in several cities. The main section relates to the possibility of the implementation of electric taxicabs in the city of Poznan, an agglomeration of 600 thousand inhabitants, located in the western part of Poland. The choice of vehicle and the calculation of the operating costs of a taxicab, as well as the calculation of the charging infrastructure costs have been also presented.