Marlos Oliveira Porto

Reparametrização do modelo baseado na lei de superfície para predição da fração digestível da fibra em detergente neutro em condições brasileiras

Objetivou-se avaliar as estimativas da fracao digestivel da FDN em bovinos com base na aplicacao do conceito de Lei de Superficie. Adotou-se a estrutura basica do modelo de predicao sugerido pelo sistema nutricional NRC (2001), cujos parâmetros basicos sao: fator de protecao da lignina sobre os carboidratos da parede celular vegetal (FPL) e coeficiente de digestibilidade da fracao potencialmente digestivel da FDN (CDFDNP). Dois diferentes conjuntos de estimativas desses parâmetros foram avaliados. No primeiro caso, denominado Modelo Weiss (MW), empregaram-se 0,75 e 0,667 como estimativas de CDFDNP e FPL, respectivamente. No segundo caso (Modelo Corrigido - MC), adotou-se 0,85 como estimativa de FPL. As estimativas de CDFDNP foram obtidas por meio de meta-analise de dois experimentos conduzidos com vacas em lactacao e quatro conduzidos com bovinos em crescimento e terminacao, assumindo valores de 0,67 e 0,835, respectivamente. Os procedimentos de comparacao entre modelos foram conduzidos sobre dois experimentos, um para cada categoria animal. Para vacas em lactacao, verificou-se similaridade entre modelos no tocante ao erro medio de predicao (EMP), de +1,07 e +1,05 pontos percentuais de FDN digestivel para MW e MC, respectivamente. Para bovinos em crescimento e terminacao, verificou-se menor EMP para MC (+0,42 pontos percentuais) em comparacao ao MW (-6,64 pontos percentuais). A direcao da flutuacao dos erros de predicao constituiu a principal limitacao de MC, possivel reflexo de interferencias ambientais sobre a interacao carboidratos lignina na parede celular. Embora o MC permita a obtencao de estimativas mais verossimeis que MW, a incorporacao de metodos biologicos para estimacao da fracao potencialmente digestivel da FDN pode incrementar a acuracia do processo de predicao.

Níveis de uréia em suplementos múltiplos para terminação de novilhos em pastagem de capim-braquiária durante o período de transição águas-seca

The effects of energy levels in multiple supplements on productive performance and nutritional parameters were evaluated of finishing beef cattle grazing palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), during the rainy to dry transition season. For the performance evaluation, 24 crossbred bulls, 18 month old and 330 kg of initial body weight (BW), were distributed to a completely randomized design, in four paddocks of 1.5 ha each. Four treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) and corn and whole soybean grain based [...]

Produção de proteína microbiana, concentração plasmática de uréia e excreções de uréia em novilhos alimentados com diferentes níveis de uréia ou casca de algodão

Two trials were conducted to study the effects of different levels of urea or cottonseed hulls on yield of microbial protein, estimated by the urinary excretion of purine derivatives, concentration of plasma urea, and excretion of urea in steers. In the first trial, 24 crossbred castrated steers averaging 300 kg of initial live weight (LW) were uniformly assigned to four treatments in a complete randomized design as follows: 0, 0.65, 1.30, or 1.95% of urea (% of dry matter) that replaced soybean meal in the diet. In the second study, 16 crossbred steers averaging 230 kg of initial LW were uniformly assigned to four treatments in a complete randomized design as follows: 0, 10, 20, or 30% of cottonseed hulls (% of dry matter) that replaced elephant grass silage in the diet. Spot urine samples were obtained and the concentration of purine derivatives (allantoin plus uric acid) determined. Concentrations of creatinine and urea were analyzed in both blood plasma and urine. No significant differences in the urinary concentration of purine derivatives and in the estimation of microbial protein yield were observed by feeding different levels of urea or cottonseed hulls to steers. Similarly, no significant differences in the concentration of plasma urea and in the urinary excretion of urea were found by increasing the proportions of urea in the diet. However, concentration of plasma urea decreased linearly by replacing elephantgrass silage with cottonseed hulls in the second trial. It can be concluded that urea as well as cottonseed hulls can be included up to 1.95 and 30% of the diet dry matter, respectively, with no significant change in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.

Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos: minerais

With the objective to determine the macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K) requirements of zebu cattle, a trial involving sixteen zebu steers with initial live weight of 270 kg was conducted. Four steers were slaughtered after the adaptation period of the trial, performing the reference group, and the remaining were uniformly allotted to a complete randomized design, in three treatments, with different levels of concentrate in the diets (5, 35, 65 %, in the total dry matter basis). The diets were formulated to be isoproteic. The roughage used was Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon sp. haylage. The macrominerals contents retained in the body were estimated by regression equations of the logarithm of the macrominerals contents in the body, in function of the logarithm of the empty body weight (EBW). By deriving the prediction equations of macrominerals body content, in function of the logarithm of EBW, it was obtained the net macrominerals requirements for gain of 1 kg EBW, through the equation Y‘= b.10a.Xb-1, being “a” and “b” intercept and the regression coefficient, respectively, of the prediction equations of macrominerals contents in the body. It was observed a decrease in the concentrations of all the macromineral studied in the empty body and in the gain of empty body as the live weight increased. The relationships obtained for g Ca/100g of retained protein and g P/100 g of retained protein were 10.92 and 5.26, respectively.

Validação das equações desenvolvidas por Hankins e Howe para predição da composição da carcaça de zebuínos e desenvolvimento de equações para estimativa da composição corporal

The equations developed by Hankins and Howe were validated in order to predict the physical and chemical carcass composition and equations were developed aiming to estimate the body composition of zebu cattle from the 9-10-11th rib cut composition. Nineteen Zebu steers, with 270 kg of initial live weight (LW) and 2 years old were used. Four were slaughtered in the beginning of the trial, performing the reference group, three were fed to the maintenance level and the remaining were uniformly allotted into three treatments, with different levels of concentrate in the diets (5, 35, 65 %, in the total dry matter basis). Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon spp haylage were used as the roughage source of the diets. The diets were isonitrogenous and the animals were fed ad libitum. The animals of the reference group and those of the treatments with 5, 35 and 65 % of concentrate were fed for a period of, respectively, 84, 109, 104 and 102 days, after which the animals were slaughtered, with average body weight of 340.25; 360.55 e 374.50 kg, respectively. After slaughter, the right side of all carcasses were totally dissected. The same was done to the 9-10-11th rib cut, obtained from the left sides of carcasses. The physical composition of the carcasses were well predicted by the 9-10-11th rib cut, which chemical composition predicted satisfactorily the contents of protein, water and minerals of the zebu cattle carcasses. The content of fat of the carcasses was overestimated in 7.8%. A regression equation was developed to estimate the percentage of ether extract (EE) of the carcasses, in function of this component in the 9-10-11th rib cut: % EE carcass = 1.0709 + 0.7854 * % EE 9-10-11th rib cut, r2 = 0.97. The empty body chemical composition can be predicted from the chemical composition of the 9-10-11th rib cut, however, more data should be gathered in order to develop equations that would be applicable in a wide range of situations, producing reliable estimates.

Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos: proteína

A trial involving nineteen zebu steers with initial live weight of 270 kg was conducted with the objective of determining their protein requirements. Four steers were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, compounding the reference group, three were fed at maintenance level and the remaining were uniformly allotted to a complete randomized design, of three treatments, with different levels of concentrate in the diets (5, 35, 65 %, in the total dry matter basis). As roughage was used Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon sp. haylage. The diets were isonitrogenous and the animals were fed ad libitum. The protein content retained in the body was estimated by a regression equation obtained between the logarithm of the body content of protein and the logarithm of the empty body weight (EBW). The net requirements of protein for 1 kg of empty body gain (EBG) were determined as the derivative of the equation of prediction of protein body content. The protein requirements for gain decreased as the live weight increased. The protein requirement found for an animal of 400 kg of live weight was 106.84 g/kg EBW, while for an animal of 200 kg, was 129.01 g/kg EBW. Considering a steer of 400 kg of live weight, the estimated metabolizable requirements of protein for maintenance (MPm) and gain (MPg) were, respectively, 339.88 and 217.14 g/kg LW. For this type of animal, the daily protein requirements in terms of degradable and undegradable protein were, respectively, 830.86 and 4.46 g. The requirement of crude protein was 835.32 g/d.

Nutritional requirements of zebu cattle: energy

A trial involving nineteen zebu steers with initial live weight of 270 kg were conducted with the objective of determining their energy requirements and the efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy for gain (kg) and maintenance (km). Four steers were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, performing the reference group, three were fed at maintenance level and the remaining were uniformly allotted to a complete randomized design, in three treatments, with different levels of concentrate in the diets [...]

Body composition and energy requirements of supplemented grazing beef cattle

The objective in this trial was to estimate the energy requirements of supplemented Zebu bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty eight intact males, seven months old and initial body weight 180 kg were used. Eight animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight ranges. The net energy requirements for weight gain were obtained by regressing the log of the retained energy (RE) on the log of empty body weight (EBW). The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained from regression of the log of the heat production (HP) on the metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The efficiency of metabolizable energy use for maintenance (km) was calculated as the ratio of net energy requirements for maintenance to metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) and the slope of the linear regression of retained energy on metabolizable energy intake was considered as an estimate of the efficiency of using metabolizable energy for weight gain (kg). The net energy requirements for maintenance of Zebu bulls, under pasture, was 82.4 kcal/EBW0.75/day or 76.12 kcal/BW0.75/day. Thus, grazing Zebu bulls have about 5% greater net energy requirements for maintenance than feedlot Zebu bulls. The daily requirements of metabolizable energy was 149.76 kcal/EBW0.75, and the efficiency of metabolizable energy used for maintenance (km) of Zebu bulls under pasture was 55% and for gain (kg) 29%.

Desempenho, composição física e características da carcaça de novilhos alimentados com diferentes níveis de casca de algodão, em confinamento

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of cottonseed hulls on nutrient intake, apparent total tract digestibility, carcass physical composition and traits, and percentage of commercial cuts of confined steers. Eighteen crossbred steers averaging 230 kg of initial body weight (BW) were used. Two animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, performing the reference group while the remaining were uniformly assigned to a complete randomized design in one of four treatments (% of total dry matter): 0, 10, 20 or 30% of cottonseed hulls that replaced elephant grass silage. The forage:concentrate ratio was 60:40. Inclusion of cottonseed hulls in the diet linearly increased the intake of ether extract as well as the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) expressed as a percentage of BW. Conversely, increasing dietary levels of cottonseed hulls did no change carcass physical composition and characteristics and yield of commercial cuts except for FT that increased linearly. Good production parameters were achieved with the highest level of cottonseed hulls in the diet (30%) in the present trial.

Urea levels in multiple supplements for finishing beef cattle on palisade grass pasture during the rainy to dry transition

The effects of multiple supplements with different urea levels on the productive performance and nutritional characteristics, for finishing beef cattle kept in deferred pasture of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) in the transition period of rainy to dry season were evaluated. The estimated dry matter availability of the pasture ranged from 16,360 to 9,358 kg/ha. In the performance trial, 20 crossbreed bulls, 20 months old and initial 376 kg BW were used. The animals were grouped in lots of [...]The effects of multiple supplements with different urea levels on the productive performance and nutritional characteristics, for finishing beef cattle kept in deferred pasture of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) in the transition period of rainy to dry season were evaluated. The estimated dry matter availability of the pasture ranged from 16,360 to 9,358 kg/ha. In the performance trial, 20 crossbreed bulls, 20 months old and initial 376 kg BW were used. The animals were grouped in lots of similar weights to a completely randomized design, in four paddocks of 1.5 ha, where they received 1.5 kg/d of isoproteic supplements (20% CP), consisting with corn grain, grounded soybean, mineral mix and urea in the levels of 0.0; 1.6; 3.2 and 4.8% as-is basis, respectively. The average daily gain (mean value of 0.57 kg/d) was not affected by the urea levels in the supplements. The nutritional characteristics were evaluated using four crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) bulls, with initial 320 kg BW, with esophageal, ruminal and abomasal cannula, were used. The animals were fed the same amounts of supplements fed to the animals of the experimental performance. Urea levels did no affect the ruminal pH and the ammonia concentration. Weight gains 0.5 to 0.6 kg/d could be obtained using only corn, urea and mineral mix in multiple supplements for finishing beef cattle kept in deferred pasture.