Victor Rezende Moreira Couto

Níveis de uréia em suplementos múltiplos para terminação de novilhos em pastagem de capim-braquiária durante o período de transição águas-seca

The effects of energy levels in multiple supplements on productive performance and nutritional parameters were evaluated of finishing beef cattle grazing palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), during the rainy to dry transition season. For the performance evaluation, 24 crossbred bulls, 18 month old and 330 kg of initial body weight (BW), were distributed to a completely randomized design, in four paddocks of 1.5 ha each. Four treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) and corn and whole soybean grain based [...]

Fontes suplementares de proteína para novilhos mestiços em recria em pastagens de capim-braquiária no período das águas: desempenho produtivo e econômico

The performance was evaluated of beef crossbred Holstein-Zebu steers, supplemented with different protein sources on pasture of Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, during the wet season. The area was divided into paddocks of 1.5 ha, with an availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 7.46 and 4.50 t/ha, respectively. Twenty-five animals with 229 kg initial weight and 12 months of age were distributed in a complete randomized design, with five treatments and five replications. The following treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) control group; soybean meal (SM) + cottonseed meal (CM) and MM; SM and MM; ground soybean grain (GGS) and MM; whole soybean grain (WSG) and MM; supplied daily on the amount of 60, 510, 460, 560 and 560 g/animal, respectively. Even without statistical significance, the animals that received the supplement showed a gain of 211 g (23.78%) greater than the animals that received only mineral mix. The use of multiple supplements based on soybean meal and cottonseed meal provided 247g/animal/day greater than the mineral mix. The supplementation with protein sources may provide additional gain during the wet season. Multiple supplementation provided economic return regardless of the protein source evaluated in relation to the control group.

Levels of multiple supplements or nitrogen salt for beef heifers in pasture during the dry season

The study assessed performance, microbial protein synthesis, intake and digestibility of nutrients by beef heifers receiving levels of multiple supplements or nitrogen salt, in a self-controlled intake, on pasture, during the dry season. Thirty-five beef heifers, from 6 to 9 months of age and average initial body weight of 203.4 + 4.5 kg, were used. Study factors were: control - mineral mixture; nitrogen salt - 50% of urea + mineral mixture, at proportion of 1:1, and 50% of corn (75% of crude protein); levels of multiple supplementation - multiple supplements with different percentages of intake controller mixture (urea + mineral mixture, at the proportion of 1:1), corn and soybean meal (45% of crude protein). Supplement consumptions observed were: 115, 173, 572 and 1214 g/animal/day for animals fed on nitrogen salt, low, medium and high levels of multiple supplement, respectively. Supplemented animals had greater average daily gain, evidencing the positive linear effect of the levels of multiple supplementation on average daily gain. Overall, there were no significant differences between average daily gain of animals fed on multiple supplements or nitrogen salt. Supplementation increased the intake and digestibility of nutrients, except for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, although the intake of digested neutral detergent fiber increased. Supplementation increased the production of microbial nitrogen as well as nitrogen losses in urine, although the quantity of nitrogen assimilated by bacteria, proportionally to intake, was higher. Supplementation improves nutritional parameters and weight gain.

Energy sources in multiple supplements for Nellore calves in creep-feeding: productive performance, nutrient intake and digestibility

The performance, intake and digestibility were evaluated in Nellore beef calves supplemented with different energy sources in Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated. The area was divided into five 6.8 ha paddocks with an availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 4.10 and 2.38 t/ha, respectively. Forty-five animals with 96.0 ± 11.0 kg initial weight and 101 ± 12 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, as a 5 × 2 factorial (five supplements and two sex). The following supplements were evaluated: mineral mix (MM), control group; soybean meal (SM) + ground corn grain (GCG) and mineral mix; soybean meal + wheat meal + ground corn grain and mineral mix; soybean meal + rice meal and mineral mix; soybean meal + ground sorghum grain + ground corn grain and mineral mix; supplied daily at the amount of 60 g/animal for the control group and 500 g for the other diets, respectively. There was statistical significance for the animals that received supplementation with ground corn grain and ground sorghum grain that showed an additional average daily gain of 100 g (16.39%) higher than the animals that received only mineral mix. The use of multiple supplements based on ground sorghum grain and corn grain increased dry matter intake and forage organic matter more than the diet with ground corn grain. The supplementation with energy sources with ground sorghum grain and corn grain can provide additional average daily gain and increase in forage intake, in animals in creep-feeding.ABSTRACT - The performance, intake and digestibility were evaluated in Nellore beef calves supplemented withdifferent energy sources in Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated. The area was divided into five 6.8 ha paddockswith an availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 4.10 and 2.38 t/ha, respectively. Forty-fiveanimals with 96.0 ± 11.0 kg initial weight and 101 ± 12 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimentaldesign, as a 5 × 2 factorial (five supplements and two sex). The following supplements were evaluated: mineral mix (MM),control group; soybean meal (SM) + ground corn grain (GCG) and mineral mix; soybean meal + wheat meal + ground corngrain and mineral mix; soybean meal + rice meal and mineral mix; soybean meal + ground sorghum grain + ground corngrain and mineral mix; supplied daily at the amount of 60 g/animal for the control group and 500 g for the other diets,respectively. There was statistical significance for the animals that received supplementation with ground corn grainand ground sorghum grain that showed an additional average daily gain of 100 g (16.39%) higher than the animals thatreceived only mineral mix. The use of multiple supplements based on ground sorghum grain and corn grain increaseddry matter intake and forage organic matter more than the diet with ground corn grain. The supplementation with energysources with ground sorghum grain and corn grain can provide additional average daily gain and increase in forage intake,in animals in creep-feeding.Key Words: daily gain, energy supplementation, pasture, phase of lactation

Body composition and energy requirements of supplemented grazing beef cattle

The objective in this trial was to estimate the energy requirements of supplemented Zebu bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty eight intact males, seven months old and initial body weight 180 kg were used. Eight animals were slaughtered as reference, in different weight ranges. The net energy requirements for weight gain were obtained by regressing the log of the retained energy (RE) on the log of empty body weight (EBW). The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained from regression of the log of the heat production (HP) on the metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The efficiency of metabolizable energy use for maintenance (km) was calculated as the ratio of net energy requirements for maintenance to metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) and the slope of the linear regression of retained energy on metabolizable energy intake was considered as an estimate of the efficiency of using metabolizable energy for weight gain (kg). The net energy requirements for maintenance of Zebu bulls, under pasture, was 82.4 kcal/EBW0.75/day or 76.12 kcal/BW0.75/day. Thus, grazing Zebu bulls have about 5% greater net energy requirements for maintenance than feedlot Zebu bulls. The daily requirements of metabolizable energy was 149.76 kcal/EBW0.75, and the efficiency of metabolizable energy used for maintenance (km) of Zebu bulls under pasture was 55% and for gain (kg) 29%.

Carcass traits of Nellore, F1 Simmental × Nellore and F1 Angus × Nellore steers fed at maintenance or ad libitum with two concentrate levels in the diet

This trial was conducted to evaluate the quantitative carcass traits of Nellore, F1 Simmental × Nellore and F1 Angus × Nellore steers fed at maintenance level or ad libitum with 1% and 2% of the body weight in concentrate. The animals were allotted to the treatments in a completely randomized experimental design, in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. The animals fed the ad libitum diet with more concentrate had greater cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield and longissimus muscle area/100 kg of cold carcass weight when compared with animals fed the diet with low concentrate allowance. There was no difference between the ad libitum diets for all of the carcass cuts yields, except for top sirloin. Crossbred animals had cold carcass yield larger than the Nellore animals. F1 Angus × Nellore animals had greater rib fat thickness and smaller longissimus muscle area/100 kg than the F1 Simmental × Nellore cattle. The yield of commercial carcass cuts was not influenced by genetic group, except for the shoulder clod yield, which was smaller in crossbred animals compared with Nellore animals. The longissimus muscle area, rib fat thickness and rump fat, taken by ultrasound were influenced by the body weight of the animals. Crossbred animals fed diets with higher concentrate level produce carcasses most suitable for the requirements of the market.

Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation

The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.