Dietriech G. Bengen

Managing the Port of Jakarta Bay: Overcoming the Legacy of 400 Years of Adhoc Development

In the first comprehensive review of Indonesia’s marine resources, Tomascik et al. (1997) noted that... “One of the many challenges facing Indonesia today is the reconciliation of development objectives and conservation aims in the marine and coastal sector”. Nowhere are these challenges more evident than in Jakarta Bay. Since the decision by the Dutch East India Company to relocate the capital to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the 1620s, Jakarta Bay (Figure 1) has served as the principal gateway to Indonesia and the lifeline for development of the Jakarta region. It continues play a pre-eminent role in the development western Java. Over the subsequent 400 years of colonial rule and the nearly 60 years since Indonesia’s independence, the bay and watershed have served as the hub for rapid national development. Jakarta is now the primary economic centre in Indonesia. Some 11.5 million people live in greater Jakarta, and an estimated 10 million more live in the exurban and rural watersheds that drain to the bay. On a global scale, the bay is not a particularly notable harbour due to its shallow depth, lack of clear navigation channels and exposure to prevailing winds during the monsoon season. However, the combination of welcoming local leaders, adequate nearby water supplies and undeveloped land, strategic trade location at the centre of the Indonesian archipelago and ready military defensibility made Jakarta Bay an ideal focus for colonial rule. Jakarta Bay quickly rose to international prominence as a leading harbour in Southeast Asia. This strategic significance was reinforced during the rapid economic growth experienced during the l980s. Double-digit growth in GDP during that decade led to the rapid expansion of port facilities in the

Biomaterial compounds and bioactivity of horseshoe crab Carsinoscorpius rotundicauda biomass harvested from the Madura Strait

Carsinoscorpius rotundicauda or horseshoe crab biomass has great potential in pharmaceutical aspects, one of them as an antibacterial substance. Information related to the benefits of Carsinoscorpius rotundicauda biomass such as meat and blood is essential because in fact, this species is considered a pest by fishermen, a low market value and has no legal protection in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of biomaterial compounds of meat and bioactivity of Carsinoscorpius rotundicauda plasma on bacterial inhibition from three different stations harvested from the waters in Madura Strait. The observation of the utilization of the potential from horseshoe crab biomass ie meat and plasma was performed by measuring the content of biomaterial compound in horseshoe crab meat by HPLC method and zone of inhibition test for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in horseshoe crab plasma. Analysis of the relationship between the two parameters used the Principal Component Analysis. The highest content of biomaterial compounds of monoterpenoid and zoosterol is found in horseshoe crab from Bangkalan waters, namely monoterpenoid (18.33 ppm) and zoosterol (22.67 ppm), while the smallest compound content obtained in horseshoe crab from Probolinggo waters, namely monoterpenoid (13.67) ppm and zoosterol (17.33 ppm). The bioactivity of Dark Blue Plasma (BDP) and Light Blue Plasma (LBP) samples of horseshoe crab obtained around the Madura Strait has the ability to inhibit gram-positive bacteria higher than gram-negative bacteria. The total average of DBP plasma inhibitory power on Staphylococcus aureus was 10.00 mm and 10.07 mm on Bacillus, while that in LBP sample, Staphylococcus aureus was 9.11 mm and Bacillus was 9.67 mm. The high biomaterial compound content of horseshoe crab is in line with the ability of horseshoe crab plasma to inhibit Bacillus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Metabolisme Emergi Sumberdaya Kota Pesisir Dan Aplikasinya Untuk Evaluasi Perencanaan Kota Pesisir Yang Berkelanjutan, Studi Kasus Kota Makassar

Kestabilan dan keberlanjutan suatu sistem sosial ekologi di Kota Pesisir tergantung dari optimal dan efisiennya pemanfaatan energi sumber daya yang tersedia. Siklus autokatalitik dalam metabolisme kota pesisir memberikan gambaran nyata bagaimana energi sumber daya mengalir antara manusia dan sumberdaya alam dan bagaimana manusia mengatur dan memanfaatkan energi sumberdaya alam yang tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodelkan siklus energi dan meterial dalam batas sistem kota pesisir yang mengakomodir semua sumberdaya alam yang menghasilkan energi yang dimiliki Kota Makassar dalam rentang waktu tertentu, sehingga mampu menunjukkan trend pemanfaatan dan keberlanjutan sistem dalam upaya menstabilkan diri terhadap dinamika penggunaan lahan dan pertumbuhan penduduk. Metode penelitian yang digunakan didasarkan pada konsep perhitungan aliran emergy dan indeks penilaian keberlanjutan metabolisme kota pesisir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total emergy yang mengalir di tahun 2001 sebesar 1,68E+21 Sej, meningkat menjadi 2,02E+21 Sej pada tahun 2015. Hasil analisis indeks keberlanjutan menunjukkan bahwa energi sumberdaya lokal sudah tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan energy masyarakat Kota Makassar, dan untuk memenuhi ketercukupan energi dalam sistem, input energi berupa impor sumberdaya mendominasi aliran energi dalam sistem. Tentunya diperlukan efisiensi dalam pemanfaatan energi sumberdaya, agar keberlanjutan metabolisme kota pesisir dapat terus berlangsung.