Nikeila Chacon de Oliveira Conde

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius fruits against oral pathogens

AIM In the Amazon region of Brazil, the fruits of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius (Brazilian ironwood) are widely used as an antimicrobial and healing medicine in many situations including oral infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius fruit extract against oral pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyphenols estimation and spectral analysis ((1)H NMR) of the methanol extract were carried out. The microorganisms Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus casei were tested using the microdilution method for planktonic cells (MIC) and a multispecies biofilm model. Chlorhexidine was used as positive control. RESULTS Polyphenols in the extract were estimated at 7.3% and (1)H NMR analysis revealed hydroxy phenols and methoxilated compounds. MIC values for Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus casei were 25.0, 40.0, 66.0, 100.0, 66.0 microg/mL, respectively. For the biofilm assay, chlorhexidine and plant extract showed no growth at 10(-4) and 10(-5) microbial dilution, respectively. At 10(-4) and 10(-5) the growth values (mean+/-SD) of the negative controls (DMSO and saline solution) for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sp. and Candida albicans were 8.1+/-0.7, 7.0+/-0.6 and 5.9+/-0.9 x 10(6)CFU, respectively. CONCLUSION Caesalpinia ferrea fruit extract can inhibit in vitro growth of oral pathogens in planktonic and biofilm models supporting its use for oral infections.

Evaluation of the fluoride stability of dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil.

The minimum requirement for the anti-caries effect of a dentifrice is the presence of available and stable fluoride in the formulation. The concentration of available fluoride in the major dentifrices sold in Brazil has been reported, but few data have been published about its stability, which is temperature-dependent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and stability of fluoride in dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil, which is a typical tropical city. The concentrations of total fluoride, total soluble fluoride, MFP, and of insoluble fluoride of six Brazilian dentifrices and an imported one were analyzed. The analyses were made when the dentifrices were purchased and during a year of storage at room temperature (28.9 1.16 C) and under refrigeration (26.3 0.88 C). The analyses were performed using an ion specific electrode Orion 96-09. At the time of purchase, all the dentifrices analyzed showed more than 1,000 ppm (mug F-/g; w/w) of soluble fluoride. However, in most of them, this form of fluoride was not shown to be stable. The highest loss of soluble fluoride was found for storage at room temperature, reaching up to 40%. Although all dentifrices comply with the Brazilian guidelines with regard to the concentration of total fluoride (maximum of 0.15%), the instability of soluble fluoride observed in some of them can impair their anti-caries effect and this condition is not contemplated in the Governmental rules.

Evaluation of the stability and antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic extract of Libidibia ferrea

Biofilm is a dense, whitish, noncalcified aggregate of bacteria, with desquamated epithelial cells and food debris creating conditions for an imbalance of resident oral microflora and favoring the destruction of hard and soft tissues by development of caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize an extract of Libidibia ferrea, ex Caesalpinia ferrea L. and to evaluate its feasibility for formulation as a mouthwash, according to current legislation. For this purpose, pH, sedimentation, density, and stability were evaluated, along with microbiological testing of the extract. The microbiological test was used to verify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, yeasts, coliforms, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus oralis strains. Characterization, microbiological evaluation, and minimum inhibitory concentration results were tabulated and described using descriptive statistics. The L. ferrea extract showed stable characteristics, product quality, and antibacterial activity against the microorganisms tested irrespective of experimental time intervals. According to these results, it can be concluded that formulation of a mouthwash containing L. ferrea extract to control biofilm is feasible, but further studies are needed.

Antibacterial Activity of Copaiba Oil Gel on Dental Biofilm

Amazonian biodiversity products that have been used for years in folk medicine, have emerged as feasible and promising alternatives for the inhibition of microorganisms in dental biofilm. Copaiba oil, a phytotherapic agent widely used by the Amazonian populations, is known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, healing and antitumor medicinal properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga) gel against strains of Streptococcus sp present in dental biofilm. Materials and Methods: The copaiba oil was obtained and the chemical components were identified. The oil emulsions were formulated and used with the Brain Heart Infusion agar diffusion method with strains of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus salivarius isolated from patients as well as standard strains of S. mitis (ATCC903), S. mutans (ATCC10449), S. sanguinis (ATCC15300) and S. oralis (ATCC10557). The study groups were as follows: experimental copaiba oil gel, 1% chlorhexidine gel (positive control) and base gel (negative control). The seeded plates were incubated at 37ºC for 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The results obtained were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk and Friedman Tests (p<0.05) for non parametric data and the Tukey test was used for pH values with 5% level of significance. Results: The experimental copaiba oil gel and 1% chlorhexidine gel showed antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. Conclusion: The copaiba oil gel demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the strains of Streptococcus sp tested, suggesting that it can be used for dental biofilm control.

Herbal mouthwash based on Libidibia ferrea: microbiological control, sensory characteristics, sedimentation, pH and density

Introduction Phytotherapy is the study of herbal medicines and their applicability to cure diseases in general, being a therapeutic method which can be used for the prevention and treatment of mouth diseases. Among the herbal studied, the Libidibia ferrea, known as juca or ironwood, is widely used in folk medicine by presenting anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and antipyretic therapeutic properties. Objective To evaluate in vitro pharmacological stability of the Libidibia ferrea extract’s mouthwash (INPA - 228 022). Material and method It was held the mouthwash microbiological control by determining the total number of microorganisms and Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; stability characteristics (color, odor, brightness and consistency), sedimentation test (centrifuge), the pH measurement (pH meter) and density evaluation (pycnometer) were analyzed. Result The mouthwash showed to be absent from microorganisms and no changes were observed in the organoleptics and sedimentation characteristics. The average pH values were 6.21, 6.15 and 5.85 at 0, 30 and 60 days, respectively, and 1.029, 1.033 and 1.035 g/ mL density values, respectively, without interfering with the final characteristic of the formulation. Conclusion The mouthwash presented pharmacological stability and quality conditions.

Biocompatibility of propolis in subcutaneous tissue of rats: a possible biomaterial for cavity cleansing

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to histopathologically analyze, in subcutaneous connective tissue in rats, a propolis solution for cavity cleansing and its toxicity through hemolytic and Artemia franciscana tests. METHODS: Fifteen male rats were selected and randomly distributed in three experimental periods (07, 30 and 45 days), in which each animal received the four treatment groups in rounds: Group I – Propolis I; Group II – Propolis II; Group III – Calcium Hydroxide Water and Group IV – 2% Chlorexidine; the sides of the tube were the control group. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed, in terms of biocompatibility, that all materials presented a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate and an increase of the thickness in the collagen fibers. It may be suggested, in decreasing order of biocompatibility, the use of following materials: calcium hydroxide-water, 2% chlorexidine, propolis I and propolis II. RESULTS: In the cytotoxicity test using A. franciscana, the propolis extract showed high toxicity when tested at concentrations and in the hemolytic activity test the propolis I extract showed greater activity than propolis II. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests the use of propolis as a cavity cleansing solution for shallow and medium cavities similar to 2% chlorexidine.

Dentin Cleaning Ability of an Amazon Bioactive: Evaluation by Scanning Electron Microscopy

The role of dentin cleaning is to remove debris that may impair adaptation and marginal sealing, quantitatively reducing microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the morphology of the dentin surface, cut and treated with copaiba oil emulsions (CO) and suspension of ethanol extract of propolis (EP). Twenty four upper pre-molars teeth, divided into eight groups (n=3), were used: G1: no cleaning, G2: air/water spray, G3: 10% CO, G4: 10% CO + A, G5: 30% CO, G6: 30% CO + A, G7: 1% EP, G8: 2% Chlorhexidine. The specimens were dentin discs (1 mm Ø). The SEM photomicrographs were classified and the results were: G1 - Debris dentin on the entire image / countless microorganisms, G2 and G7 - 50-100 debris / countless microorganisms and G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8 - 0-50 debris / countable microorganisms (50-100 colonies). Conclusion: The present results suggest that copaiba oil emulsions (CO) and suspension of ethanol extract of propolis (EP) have feasibility to be used as bioactive dental cleaning agents.

Effect of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP on Salivary Flow and Buffer Capacity: An in vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and buffer capacity by means of mechanical and chemical-mechanical stimuli, through the use of chewing gums. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study with 12 volunteers, divided into three groups, in three phases: Group A: paraffin gum; Group B: Chewing gum without sucrose, flavored (Trident ® ); Group C: Flavored chewing gum, without sucrose and amorphous calcium casein-phosphate phosphopeptide (Trident Total ® ). The stimulated total saliva was collected after 5 minutes of mastication of one of the products and the volume was expressed in mL / min. The same sample was submitted to pH measurement with the use of a digital potentiometer, where the results were classified in normal buffer capacity (final pH between 5.0 and 7.0) or low (final pH <4.0). The results were evaluated regarding the normality of the sample distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys test. Results: Chewing gums increased the salivary flow of the volunteers, when compared to the control group (paraffin) (1.53 mL / min), differing statistically from the group, although there was no difference between Trident ® (2.09 mL / Min) and Trident Total ® (2.06mL / min). Regarding the buffer capacity, the values obtained were 6.94 (paraffin), 6.99 (Trident ® ) and 6.93 (Trident Total ® ), with no difference between groups (p = 0.713). Conclusion: It was concluded that chewing gums, with and without CPP-ACP, increased the salivary flow in relation to the control group. In relation to buffer capacity the values obtained for chewing gums with and without CPP-ACP, are shown to be within the normal range.

Atividade Antimicrobiana in vitro de Extratos da Casca do Caule e da Vagem de Libidibia ferrea L. Frente a Microrganismos da Cavidade Bucal

In the presente study was evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of the stem bark and fruit juca against microorganisms of the oral cavity. This was an experimental laboratory study in which was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts 7.5% in dilutions ranging from 1:1 to 1:512, using the technique of agar diffusion. Standard strains used were: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557, Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469), Candida albicans (INCQS 40040) and Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073). Chlorhexidine 0.12 % was used as a positive control. The results of the agar diffusion showed that when assessed against L. casei, extract of the fruit was more effective, with MICs 9.3 mg/mL compared to stem bark was 37.5 mg/mL. When the fruit extract were tested against S. oralis and S. mutans MIC values were the same and twice, respectively , when compared with values obtained with the extract of the stem bark . With respect to C. albicans, the MIC value for the extract of the fruit and stem bark was 18.7 mg/mL. While against S. salivarius extract of the stem bark had MIC value of 37.5 mg/mL and the extract of the fruit was inactive. It can be concluded that the extract of the stem bark of juca showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against pathogens of the oral cavity and superior to the extract of the fruit.In the present study was evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of the stem bark and fruit jucá against microorganisms of the oral cavity. This was an experimental laboratory study in which was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts 7.5% in dilutions ranging from 1:1 to 1:512, using the technique of agar diffusion. Standard strains used were: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469), Candida albicans (INCQS 40040) and Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073). Chlorhexidine 0.12 % was used as a positive control. The results of the agar diffusion showed that when assessed against L. casei, extract of the fruit was more effective, and with MICs 9.3 mg/mL compared to stem bark was 37.5 mg/mL. When the fruit extract were tested against S. oralis and S. mutans MIC values were the same and twice, respectively , when compared with values obtained with the extract of the stem bark . With respect to C. albicans, the MIC value for the extract of the fruit and stem bark was 18.7 mg/mL. While against S. salivarius extract of the stem bark had MIC value of 37.5 mg/mL and the extract of the fruit was inactive. It can be concluded that the extract of the stem bark of jucá showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against pathogens of the oral cavity and superior to the extract of the fruit.Xylophragma Sprague species (family Bignoniaceae Juss.) are climbing plants belonging to the tribe Bignonieae Juss. and some species have a wide spectrum of traditional medicinal uses including remedies for the treatment of infections. This paper reports the bioguided fractionation of an ethanol extract of X. myrianthum (Cham.) Sprague stems (EEXMS) for antiviral effects against human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), dengue virus 2 (DENV-2), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) that afforded XM-1 as an active compound. Spectroscopic analyses allowed the identification of XM-1 as arjunic acid whose occurrence in the Bignoniaceae and anti-DENV-2 activities are reported for the first time. X. myrianthum is revealed herein as a source of an antiviral compound and fractions.Herbal constitute a form of complementary therapy on health needs. Their use has grown in population in several countries, including Brazil, where the federal government encourages the use of herbal treatments in the public health system. Given the current scenario of the search for natural treatments, this study aimed to characterize the use of herbal medicines in the districts of Barra Mansa and Volta Redonda/RJ. The expectation is that the information gathered will assist municipal actions for the implementation of herbal medicine in public health. It was observed that most herbal medicines marketed is sold by prescription. The acquisition focuses on monodrogas anxiolytic action, with the Passiflora incarnata L. present in 14,29 % of the marketed formulations. The inserts of the highest-selling herbal medicines contain legal wording regulated by ANVISA. Among the users interviewed, 70% reported using herbal medicines, mostly female (68%), without having a specific economic pattern, aged 19 and 30 years, with a degree of complete or incomplete higher education. Of these, 31% use herbal or prescription for self medication and believe that herbal medicines are not toxic, can make good health.Several studies have discussed bromeliads as breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti L., a dengue vector. The toxicity of crude extracts of Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker (Bromeliaceae) and Neoregelia compacta (Mez) LB Smith (Bromeliaceae) on A. aegypti larvae was evaluated in this study. Leaves of N. compacta were ground up with ethanol and distilled water, hexane and ethyl acetate to produce hydro alcoholic, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Flowers and leaves of A. fasciata were macerated in ethyl acetate to obtain an ethyl acetate extract. The bioassays were performed with application of these extracts to the breeding medium of L3 larvae of A. aegypti. In this study, larval and pupal viability, emergence and mortality were evaluated. The results from the bioassays indicated that these extracts were highly toxic: LD50=39.4µg/mL for A. fasciata and LD50= 23 µg/ mL for N. compacta. The data suggest that, within the search for larvicidal phytoproducts, these bromeliads are sources of active bioproducts for dengue vector mosquito control.

Antimicrobial activityin vitroof extracts of the stem bark and fruit ofLibidibia ferreaL. against microorganisms of the oral cavity.

In the presente study was evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of the stem bark and fruit juca against microorganisms of the oral cavity. This was an experimental laboratory study in which was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts 7.5% in dilutions ranging from 1:1 to 1:512, using the technique of agar diffusion. Standard strains used were: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557, Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469), Candida albicans (INCQS 40040) and Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073). Chlorhexidine 0.12 % was used as a positive control. The results of the agar diffusion showed that when assessed against L. casei, extract of the fruit was more effective, with MICs 9.3 mg/mL compared to stem bark was 37.5 mg/mL. When the fruit extract were tested against S. oralis and S. mutans MIC values were the same and twice, respectively , when compared with values obtained with the extract of the stem bark . With respect to C. albicans, the MIC value for the extract of the fruit and stem bark was 18.7 mg/mL. While against S. salivarius extract of the stem bark had MIC value of 37.5 mg/mL and the extract of the fruit was inactive. It can be concluded that the extract of the stem bark of juca showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against pathogens of the oral cavity and superior to the extract of the fruit.In the present study was evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of the stem bark and fruit jucá against microorganisms of the oral cavity. This was an experimental laboratory study in which was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts 7.5% in dilutions ranging from 1:1 to 1:512, using the technique of agar diffusion. Standard strains used were: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469), Candida albicans (INCQS 40040) and Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073). Chlorhexidine 0.12 % was used as a positive control. The results of the agar diffusion showed that when assessed against L. casei, extract of the fruit was more effective, and with MICs 9.3 mg/mL compared to stem bark was 37.5 mg/mL. When the fruit extract were tested against S. oralis and S. mutans MIC values were the same and twice, respectively , when compared with values obtained with the extract of the stem bark . With respect to C. albicans, the MIC value for the extract of the fruit and stem bark was 18.7 mg/mL. While against S. salivarius extract of the stem bark had MIC value of 37.5 mg/mL and the extract of the fruit was inactive. It can be concluded that the extract of the stem bark of jucá showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against pathogens of the oral cavity and superior to the extract of the fruit.Xylophragma Sprague species (family Bignoniaceae Juss.) are climbing plants belonging to the tribe Bignonieae Juss. and some species have a wide spectrum of traditional medicinal uses including remedies for the treatment of infections. This paper reports the bioguided fractionation of an ethanol extract of X. myrianthum (Cham.) Sprague stems (EEXMS) for antiviral effects against human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), dengue virus 2 (DENV-2), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) that afforded XM-1 as an active compound. Spectroscopic analyses allowed the identification of XM-1 as arjunic acid whose occurrence in the Bignoniaceae and anti-DENV-2 activities are reported for the first time. X. myrianthum is revealed herein as a source of an antiviral compound and fractions.Herbal constitute a form of complementary therapy on health needs. Their use has grown in population in several countries, including Brazil, where the federal government encourages the use of herbal treatments in the public health system. Given the current scenario of the search for natural treatments, this study aimed to characterize the use of herbal medicines in the districts of Barra Mansa and Volta Redonda/RJ. The expectation is that the information gathered will assist municipal actions for the implementation of herbal medicine in public health. It was observed that most herbal medicines marketed is sold by prescription. The acquisition focuses on monodrogas anxiolytic action, with the Passiflora incarnata L. present in 14,29 % of the marketed formulations. The inserts of the highest-selling herbal medicines contain legal wording regulated by ANVISA. Among the users interviewed, 70% reported using herbal medicines, mostly female (68%), without having a specific economic pattern, aged 19 and 30 years, with a degree of complete or incomplete higher education. Of these, 31% use herbal or prescription for self medication and believe that herbal medicines are not toxic, can make good health.Several studies have discussed bromeliads as breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti L., a dengue vector. The toxicity of crude extracts of Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker (Bromeliaceae) and Neoregelia compacta (Mez) LB Smith (Bromeliaceae) on A. aegypti larvae was evaluated in this study. Leaves of N. compacta were ground up with ethanol and distilled water, hexane and ethyl acetate to produce hydro alcoholic, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Flowers and leaves of A. fasciata were macerated in ethyl acetate to obtain an ethyl acetate extract. The bioassays were performed with application of these extracts to the breeding medium of L3 larvae of A. aegypti. In this study, larval and pupal viability, emergence and mortality were evaluated. The results from the bioassays indicated that these extracts were highly toxic: LD50=39.4µg/mL for A. fasciata and LD50= 23 µg/ mL for N. compacta. The data suggest that, within the search for larvicidal phytoproducts, these bromeliads are sources of active bioproducts for dengue vector mosquito control.