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American Journal of Potato Research | 2003

Sprout inhibition in storage: Current status, new chemistries and natural compounds

G. E. Kleinkopf; Nathan A. Oberg; Nora Olsen

A major component of managing potato quality in storage is effective sprout inhibition. Sprouting causes increased weight loss, reduced tuber quality and impedes air movement through the potato pile. The primary method to control sprouting in storage is with postharvest applications of isopropylN-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (chlorpropham; CIPC). CIPC inhibits sprout development by interfering with cell division. However, a recent Environmental Protection Agency mandate, from the requirements of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, resulted in a reduction in allowable CIPC residue on fresh potatoes in the United States from 50 ppm to 30 ppm.This mandate coincides with tolerance reductions or restrictions for use of CIPC in other parts of the world. CIPC is an effective sprout inhibitor although factors such as storage conditions, application technology, and cultivar can impact that effectiveness. Alternative sprout inhibitors to CIPC continue to be evaluated. Essential oils (e.g., caraway, peppermint, spearmint, clove) or their components (e.g., s-carvone, eugenol), and hydrogen peroxide-based materials, physically damage the developing sprout and suppress sprout elongation. However, repeated or continuous application of these compounds may be necessary for efficacy. Substituted naphthalenes (e.g., dimethyl naphthalene, diisopropyl naphthalene) may help reduce the amount of CIPC applied and/or our dependency on CIPC for sprout suppression in storage. The objective of this review is to summarize the current use of CIPC for potato sprout inhibition in storage and to review the status of current research on other postharvest applied compounds or materials that may be used as alternatives for CIPC.ResumenUno de los componentes mas importantes en el manejo de la calidad de la papa almacenada es la inhibición del brotamiento. El brotamiento produce un incremento en la pérdida de peso, tubérculos de baja calidad e impide el movimiento de aire a través de las pilas de papa almacenada. El método principal para el control del brotamiento en el almacén es la aplicación de isopropilN-(3-clorofenil) carbamato (clorprofam; CIPC). El CIPC inhibe el desarrollo de los brotes porque interfiere con la división celular. Sin embargo, un mandate reciente sobre requisites de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental, en el Acta de Protección de la Calidad de los Alimentos (FQPA) de 1996, dio como resultado la reducción de 50 ppm a 30 ppm de residuos de CIPC, permisible en la papa fresca para consumo en los Estados Unidos.Este mandato coincide con las reducciones de tolerancia o de restricciones para el uso de CIPC en otras partes del mundo. El CIPC es un inhibidor efectivo del brotamiento, aunque factores tales como, condiciones de almacenaje, tecnologia de aplicación y el cultivar mismo pueden tener impacto sobre esa efectividad. Los aceites esenciales (por ejemplo, de la alcaravea, de diferentes closes de menta y del clavo de olor), o sus componentes (tales como el s-carvone, eugenol) y materiales con base de peróxido de hidrógeno, deteriorait físicamente los brotes en desarrollo y suprimen su alargamiento. Sin embargo, para su eficacia pueden ser necesarias repetidas o continuas aplicaciones de estos compuestos. En reemplazo, se puede reducir la cantidad de CIPC aplicada y/o la dependencia en el CIPC para supresión del brotamiento en el almacén utilizando naftalenos (tales como dimetil naftaleno, diisopropil naftaleno). El objetivo de esta revisión es resumir el uso actual del CIPC como inhibidor del brotamiento de las papas almacenadas y hacer un examen de la situación actual de la investigación sobre otros compuestos aplicados, después de la cosecha o materiales que puedan ser utilizados como una alternativa para el CIPC.


American Journal of Potato Research | 2006

Post-harvest applications of zoxamide and phosphite for control of potato tuber rots caused by oomycetes at harvest

Jeffrey S. Miller; Nora Olsen; Lynn K. Woodell; Lyndon D. Porter; Shane Clayson

Potato storage tuber rots caused by the late blight and pink rot pathogens at harvest can cause severe economic losses, warranting the need for effective post-harvest fungicide applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of select post-harvest fungicides in reducing tuber infections by the late blight and pink rot pathogens when applied at various post-inoculation time intervals. ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were inoculated by submersion in an aqueous suspension ofPhytophthora infestans orPhytophthora erythroseptica zoospores at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h prior to receiving a post-harvest treatment. Products evaluated were zoxamide (various rates and formulation), phosphite (335 g a.i./MT), and a hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid mixture (HPPA, 9 g a.i./MT), all applied at 2.08 L/MT of tubers as a low pressure spray prior to storage. Zoxamide and phosphite significantly reduced late blight and pink rot incidence and severity when applied immediately after inoculation. HPPA was less effective at controlling disease development. Phosphite was effective at reducing late blight development at all time intervals up to 6 h post-inoculation (7% vs 80% in untreated). Zoxamide appeared to have good post-harvest disease control if applied soon after inoculation. The maximum time intervals between inoculation and treatment where significant reductions in pink rot incidence were observed was 0 h for HPPA (28%), 2 h for zoxamide (55%; 64 g a.i./MT) and 6 h for phosphite (13%) compared to the untreated (73%). Phosphite provided consistent disease control even when applied several h after inoculation and has potential to be a reliable post-harvest fungicide for the potato industry.ResumenLas pudriciones de los tubérculos de papa en almacén, causados por los patógenos del tizón tardío y la pudrición rosada durante la cosecha, pueden causar pérdidas económicas cuantiosas, haciendo necesaria la aplicación de funguicidas después de la cosecha. El propósito de este estudio ha sido evaluar la eficacia de fungicidas selectos, aplicados después de la cosecha para reducir la infección de los patógenos antes mencionados a varios intervalos. Papa ‘Russet Burbank’ fue inoculada sumergiéndola en una suspensión acuosa de zoosporas dePhytophtora infestans o dePhytophthora erythroseptica por 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 horas antes de recibir el tratamiento de post-cosecha. Los productos evaluados fueron zoxamide (a varias dosis y formulaciones), phosphite (335g de i.a./T) y una mezcla de peroxido/ácido peroxiacético (HPPA, 9g de i.a./T) todo aplicado a 2.8 L/T de tubérculos como pulverización a baja presión antes del almacenamiento. Zoxamide y phosphite redujeron significativamente la incidencia de tizón tardío y de pudrición rosada cuando se aplicaron inmediatamente después de la inoculación. El HPPA fue menos efectivo en controlar el desarrollo de la enfermedad. El phosphite fue efectivo en reducir el desarrollo de tizón tardío en todos los tiempos de post-inoculación hasta las 6 horas (7% contra 80% de las no tratadas). Zoxamide parece ejercer buen control post-cosecha de la enfermedad si se aplica lo más pronto después de la inoculación. Los máximos tiempos de intervalo entre la inoculación y el tratamiento donde se observó reducción significativa en la incidencia de pudrición rosada fue 0 h para HPPA (28%), 2 h para zoxamide (55%; 64g de i.a./T) y 6 h para phosphite (13%) comparado con el testigo no tratado (73%). Phosphite proporcionó un consistente control aún cuando se aplicó varias horas después de la inoculación y tiene el potencial para ser un funguicida confiable para ser usado después de la cosecha en la industria de papa.


American Journal of Potato Research | 2006

Defender: A High-Yielding, Processing Potato Cultivar with Foliar and Tuber Resistance to Late Blight

R. G. Novy; Stephen L. Love; D. L. Corsini; J. J. Pavek; Jonathan L. Whitworth; A. R. Mosley; S. R. James; D. C. Hane; Clinton C. Shock; K. A. Rykbost; C. R. Brown; R. E. Thornton; N. R. Knowles; M. J. Pavek; Nora Olsen; D. A. Inglis

The potato cultivar Defender is high-yielding, white-skinned, and notable for having foliar and tuber resistance to late blight infection caused byPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. It was released in 2004 by the USDA-ARS and the agricultural experiment stations of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Defender is suitable for processing into french fries and other frozen potato products directly from the field or from storage. Defender also may be used for fresh markets in regions such as California, where cultivars with long tubers and white skin are traditionally grown. Resistances to late blight and other potato diseases make Defender an ideal candidate for organic potato production. Defender consistently produced greater total and U.S. No. 1 yields than ‘Russet Burbank’ in Idaho trials. In early harvest trials conducted in the western U.S., average total yields of Defender were 17% and 23% greater than yields for ‘Ranger Russet’ and ‘Shepody’, respectively. In full-season trials conducted in the western U.S., Defender averaged 10% and 15% higher yields than Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank, respectively. Specific gravity of Defender is consistently high, with values comparable to those of Ranger Russet; tuber ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) levels are also high. In addition to late blight, Defender also is resistant to tuber early blight (Alternaria solani, (Ellis & G. Martin), L.R. Jones & Grout), potato virus X, and net necrosis; it has moderate levels of resistance to Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae, Kleb), pink rot, foliar early blight, corky ringspot, and Erwinia soft rot. Defender is susceptible to scab (common and powdery) and potato leafroll virus; it has moderate susceptibility to dry rot (Fusarium spp.) and potato virus Y. Susceptibilities to internal necrosis, tuber greening, and blackspot bruise also have been noted, but may be minimized through cultural and harvest practices.ResumenDefender es un cultivar de papa de alto rendimiento, piel blanca y excelente por su resistencia al tizón tardío causado porPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, tanto a la infección foliar como a la de los tubérculos. Ha sido liberada el 2004 por USDA-ARS y las Estaciones Experimentales Agrícolas de Idaho, Oregon y Washington. Defender es apropiado para el procesamiento de papa frita y otros productos congelados de papa, directamente del campo o del almacén. Defender puede también ser usado en regiones como California, donde se cultivan tradicionalmente variedades de tubérculos alargados y piel blanca. La resistencia al tizón tardío y otras enfermedades de la papa hace de Defender un candidato ideal para la producción orgánica. Defender tuvo consistentemente un mayor rendimiento de tubérculos de grado “US No. 1” que Russet Burbank en pruebas en Idaho. En ensayos de cosecha temprana realizados en el oeste de EUA, el promedio de rendimiento total de Defender fue de 17 y 23% mayor que el de las variedades Ranger Russet y Shepody respectivamente. En ensayos de ciclo completo realizadas en el oeste, Defender tuvo rendimientos 10 y 15% mayores que Ranger Russet y Russet Burbank respectivamente. El peso específico de Defender es consistentemente alto, con valores comparables a los de Ranger Russet y los niveles de ácido ascórbico (Vitamina C) son también altos. Además de ser resistente al tizón tardío, Defender es también resistente al tizón temprano (Alternaria solani (Ellis & G. Martín) L. R. Jones & Grout), Virus X de la papa y necrosis en red. Tiene niveles moderados de resistencia a marchitez por Verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.), pudrición rosada, tizón foliar temprano, mancha corchosa en anillo y pudrición blanda causada por Erwinia. Defender es susceptible a la sarna (común y polvorienta) y al virus del enrollamiento; tiene moderada susceptibilidad a la pudrición seca (Fusarium spp.) y al virus Y de la papa. También se ha notado susceptibilidad a necrosis interna, verdeamiento del tubérculo y mancha negra, pero estas pueden minimizarse a través de prácticas culturales.


Biocontrol Science and Technology | 2007

Biological control of post-harvest late blight of potatoes

Patricia J. Slininger; David A. Schisler; Linda D. Ericsson; T. L. Brandt; Mary Jo Frazier; Lynn K. Woodell; Nora Olsen; G. E. Kleinkopf

Abstract Introduction of US-8 genotypes of Phytophthora infestans has coincided with an increase in severity of potato late blight in North America. As alternatives to chemical fungicides, 18 bacterial strains patented as biological control agents (BCA) of both sprouting and Fusarium dry rot were cultivated in three liquid media and screened in wounded potato bioassays for their ability to suppress late blight incited by P. infestans (US-8, mating type A2). Washed or unwashed stationary-phase bacteria were mixed with fungal zoospores to inoculate potato wounds with 5µL containing ∼108 bacterial CFU/mL and 2×104 zoospore count/mL. Disease suppressiveness was evaluated after tubers were stored a week at 15°C, 90% relative humidity. One-fifth of the 108 BCA treatments screened, reduced late blight by 25–60%, including among other strains Pseudomonas fluorescens S22:T:04 (showing most consistency), P22:Y:05, S11:P:12 and Enterobacter cloacae S11:T:07. Small-scale pilot testing of these four strains, alone and in combination, was conducted under conditions simulating a commercial application. Suspensions of 4×104 P. infestans sporangia/mL were sprayed at a rate of 1.6 mL followed by 0.8 mL of bacteria treatment at ∼5×109 CFU/mL per each of 90 unwounded potatoes. Three replicate boxes per treatment (30 tubers per box) were randomized in storage and maintained 4 weeks at 7.2°C, 95% relative humidity. All BCA treatments significantly reduced disease; and unwashed bacteria outperformed those washed free of culture broth. Disease suppression ranged from 35% up to 86% the first test year and from 35 to 91% the second year. Highest overall performance rankings significantly above the control were achieved by the following strains in culture broth: four-strain mix > P. fluorescens S22:T:04> P. fluorescens S11:P:12. Combined with previous demonstrations of dry rot and sprout suppression, the consistent late blight control by these strains and strain mixtures suggests the commercial feasibility of a single treatment for broad spectrum suppression of post-harvest potato diseases and sprouting.


American Journal of Potato Research | 2007

Evaluation of potato production best management practices

Bryan G. Hopkins; Donald Arthur Horneck; M. J. Pavek; Brad D. Geary; Nora Olsen; Jason W. Ellsworth; George D. Newberry; Jeffrey S. Miller; R. E. Thornton; Gale W. Harding

A 2001 survey indicated that many growers are reluctant to adopt research-based recommendations because of a perception that it is not practical or applicable to their specific farming operation. Other growers, however, appear to adopt these practices successfully. Highlighting “model” growers is a method that can be used to field-test research findings and facilitate grower adoption. The objectives of this project were to: 1) establish field demonstrations with potato (Solariumtuberosum L.) growers who generally follow researchbased best management practices (BMPs); 2) establish plots within each field to compare BMPs with a high input, maximum yield management (MYM) approach; and 3) enhance grower confidence regarding researchbased BMPs. Fourteen field trials were conducted in the Pacific Northwest during 2002-2005. Five replicates of BMP and MYM plots were established in each field. The BMPs consisted of sampling, scouting, and use of prediction models to aid in determining rate and timing of inputs to maximize returns. In contrast, the MYM approach was based on tradition and calendar timing, with a near zero tolerance for pest and nutrient limitations. The MYM plots had 1.7 to 13.2% more fertilizer and pesticide costs than the BMP plots. The MYM treatments resulted in significant marketable yield increases in three fields and decreases in two fields, with the remaining nine fields and the combined average of all 14 fields being statistically equivalent. When factoring in estimated costs, only two fields resulted in a monetary advantage with MYM treatment. In contrast, the BMP treatment resulted in significant increases in net crop value in five fields, as well as the combined average of all 14 fields (


Biocontrol Science and Technology | 2010

Multi-strain co-cultures surpass blends for broad spectrum biological control of maladies of potatoes in storage

Patricia J. Slininger; David A. Schisler; Maureen A. Shea-Andersh; Jennifer M. Sloan; Lynn K. Woodell; Mary Jo Frazier; Nora Olsen

200 ha-1 or 3.2%). These field demonstrations, along with associated field days and grower meetings, have resulted in many documented changes in grower practices towards BMPs, with many more undocumented changes probable.ResumenUn estudio que se hizo el 2001 indica que muchos agricultores son renuentes a adoptar las recomendaciones basadas en la investigación, debido a una percepción poco práctica o aplicable a sus operaciones de cultivo. Otros, sin embargo, parecen adoptar exitosamente estas prácticas. El destacar a los agricultores “modelo” es un método que pude ser usado para probar en el campo los resultados de la investigación y facilitar su adopción. Los objetivos de este proyecto fueron: 1) hacer demostraciones de campo con los agricultores que cultivan papa (Solarium tuberosum L.) que emplean generalmente las mejores prácticas de mane jo (BMPs) basadas en investigación; 2) establecimiento de parcelas dentro de cada campo las BMPs con gastos altos, un enfoque de manejo máximo de rendimiento (MYM); 3) incremento de la confianza del agricultor referida a los BMPs basados en investigación. Catorce pruebas de campo se realizaron el Pacñfico Nor Occidental durante 2002-2005. Cinco repeticiones de BMP y de MYM se hicieron por parcela en cada campo. Los BMPs consistieron de muestreos, exploración y uso de modelos de predicción para ayudar a determinar la tasa y registro de gastos para alcanzar el máximo de ganancia. Contrariamente, el enfoque MYM estuvo basado en la tradición y distributión del tiempo, con tolerancia cero para problemas de pestes y nutrientes. Las parcelas MYM recibieron 1.7 a 13.2% de gastos en fertilizantes y pesticidas que las parcelas BMP. Los tratamientos resultaron en aumento significativo de rendimiento comerciable en tres campos disminución con los restantes nueve y el promedio combinado de los 14 campos estadñsticamente equivalentes. Cuando se factorizó en gastos estimados, sólo dos campos resultaron en ventaja monetaria con el tratamiento MYM. Contrariamente, el tratamiento BMP dio como resultado un incremento significativo en cinco campos, asñ como el promedio combinado de todos los 14 campos (


American Journal of Potato Research | 2006

Potato sprout inhibition and tuber quality after treatment with high-energy ionizing radiation

Mary Jo Frazier; G. E. Kleinkopf; Richard R. Brey; Nora Olsen

200 ha-1 o 3.2%). Estas demostraciones de campo, junto con los asociados dñas de campo y reuniones de agricultores, han dado como resultado muchos cambios documentados en el proceder de los agricultores hacia los BMPs, con cambios probables no documentados.


American Journal of Potato Research | 2003

Efficacy of chlorine dioxide for disease control on stored potatoes

Nora Olsen; G. E. Kleinkopf; Lynn K. Woodell

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strains S11:P:12, P22:Y:05, and S22:T:04 and Enterobacter cloacae strain S11:T:07 have been documented to suppress four important storage potato maladies – dry rot, late blight, pink rot, and sprouting. This research investigates the efficacy and consistency of strain mixtures produced by co-culturing strains together in one vessel or by blending them together after separate cultivations in pure cultures. Pure and co-cultures were produced in flask or fermentor cultures, viable cell concentrations were assessed using a nutrient-based selective plating method to identify and enumerate strains, and the efficacy of treatments was assessed with respect to dry rot, pink rot, late blight or sprout suppression. Experiments were designed to analyze dry rot suppression versus all strain combinations and the combination method (co-culture or blend). Results of a two-way analysis of variance of disease with strain composition and combination method showed that significantly better dry rot suppression was obtained by co-cultures (30.3±2.4% relative disease) than by similar strain blends of pure cultures (41.3±2.4%) (P<0.001). During a 3-year study, both biocontrol efficacy and consistency were assessed in 16 laboratory and small pilot trials simulating commercial storages. Three-strain co-culture had a lower mean disease rating than the blend in 9 of 16 experiments examining control of the three diseases and sprouting. The co-culture led other treatments in incidences of significant malady reduction relative to the control: 14 of 16 attempts for co-culture, 11 of 16 attempts for blend, 10 of 13 attempts for pure S11:P:12, 8 of 13 attempts for S22:T:04, and 9 of 13 attempts for P22:Y:05. Using relative performance indices to rank treatment performance across all experiments, the co-culture treatment ranked significantly higher than the blend. A synergy analysis suggested that co-culturing strains stimulated inter-strain activities to boost biocontrol efficacy and consistency, a feature not developed in strains grown separately and mixed just prior to addition to potatoes.


Plant Disease | 2008

Identification of Potato virus Y Strains Associated with Tuber Damage During a Recent Virus Outbreak in Potato in Idaho

Alexander V. Karasev; Teresa Meacham; Xiaojun Hu; Jonathan L. Whitworth; Stewart M. Gray; Nora Olsen; Phillip Nolte

The use of industrial-type linear accelerators may be an alternative treatment for controlling sprouts in potatoes during long-term storage. The technical aspect of treatment has been described and may include largescale treatment of bulk potatoes as they are moving along a system of conveyors either to or from storage. The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of a linear accelerator for long-term sprout control under commercial storage conditions and the effects on tuber quality. An 18-MeV linear accelerator was used to provide sprout-inhibiting irradiation to various lots of ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes. Successful sprout suppression was achieved with doses of 40 to 50 Gy (0 g sprout weight after 9 months of storage at 7.2 C) while higher doses caused undesirable increases in reducing sugars in the tubers. Glucose concentrations of treated tubers (0.25% fresh tuber weight) were higher after treatment than the untreated controls (0.08%), but returned to control levels after 2 to 6 months in storage. Glucose concentrations in treated tubers were significantly reduced with storage management for reconditioning by increasing the storage temperature for one month (from 7.2 C to 14.4 C) resulting in glucose concentrations near control concentrations. By increasing the dose-rate from the accelerator, recovery of tuber glucose concentration due to radiation treatments was significantly faster than when the dose was given more slowly. Potato tubers irradiated with high rates (100 Gy) of high-energy electrons exhibited an increase in soft rot and dry rot incidence in storage. Disease development in potatoes treated with sprout inhibiting doses of radiation (50 Gy) increased in lots with a high rot potential. Treated lots with low rot potential were successfully stored for 8 months or more without an increase in rot potential or shrinkage. Selection of lots for irradiation treatment should include some preliminary evaluation for development of disease in long-term storage.ResumenEl uso de acelerador linear de irradiación de tipo industrial puede ser un tratamiento alternativo para controlar el brotamiento de los tubérculos de papa durante periodos largos de almacenaje. El aspecto técnico del tratamiento ya fue descrito anteriormente y puede incluir el tratamiento en gran escala de grandes volúmenes de papa a medida de que se transportan del o hacia el almacén. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de un acelerador lineal para controlar el brotamiento por largo tiempo, bajo condiciones comerciales de almacenamiento y su efecto sobre la calidad del tubérculo. Se utilizó un acelerador lineal 18-MeV para aplicar la irradiación de inhibición del brotamiento a varios lotes de papa ‘Russet Burbank’. Se consiguió una mejor supresión de brotes con dosis de 40 a 50Gy (0g de peso de brotes después de nueve meses de almacenaje a 7.2 C), mientras que dosis más altas causaron el aumento indeseable de azúcares reductores en los tubérculos. Las concentraciones de glucosa de los tubérculos) tratados (0.25% del peso fresco del tubérculo) fueron más altas después del tratamiento que en los testigos sin tratar (0.08%), pero volvieron a niveles del testigo después de dos a seis meses de almacenaje. Las concentraciones de glucosa en los tubérculos tratados se redujeron significativamente con un manejo de reacondicionamiento del almacén, incrementando la temperatura por un mes (de 7.2 C a 14.4 C), lo que dio como resultado que las concentraciones de glucosa estuvieran cercanas a las del testigo. Incrementando la velocidad de aplicación del acelerador, la recuperación de la concentración de glucosa de los tubérculos, debida a los tratamientos de radiación fue significativamente más rápida que cuando se aplicó más lentamente. Los tubérculos de papa irradiados con tasas altas (100 Gy) de electrones de alta energía mostraron en el almacén un incremento en pudrición blanda y pudrición seca. El desarrollo de enfermedades en papa tratada con cantidades de radiación inhibidoras de brotes (50 Gy) incrementó el potencial de pudrición. Los lotes tratados, con potencial bajo de pudrición fueron muy bien almacenados por ocho meses sin presentar un incremento de pudrición o arrugamiento. La selección de lotes para el tratamiento de irradiación debería incluir evaluación preliminar para el desarrollo de enfermedades en almacenamiento prolongado.


Plant Disease | 2017

Strain-Specific Resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) in Potato and Its Effect on the Relative Abundance of PVY Strains in Commercial Potato Fields

Cassandra N. Funke; Olga V. Nikolaeva; Kelsie J. Green; Lisa T. Tran; Mohamad Chikh-Ali; Arturo Quintero-Ferrer; Robert A. Cating; Kenneth E. Frost; Philip B. Hamm; Nora Olsen; Mark J. Pavek; Stewart M. Gray; James M. Crosslin; Alexander V. Karasev

The post-harvest application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was evaluated as a disease suppressant for stored potatoes. Chlorine dioxide was prepared by acidifying a buffered sodium chlorite solution with a food grade acid.In vitro studies verified the effectiveness of C1O2 at low concentrations (ED50 = 2 to 122 ppm) againstErwinia carotovora (soft rot),Fusarium spp. (dry rot) andHelminthosporium solani (silver scurf). Evaluations of tubers inoculated withPhytophthora infestans (late blight) andFusarium spp. or infected withH. solani and then treated with ClO2 either going into storage or through the humidification system resulted in a lack of disease suppression. Inconsistent performance of C1O2 in storage appeared to be a result of several contributing factors. Chlorine dioxide concentrations varied greatly (up to six-fold), depending upon the method of activating and diluting sodium chlorite solutions. Chlorine dioxide is a gas soluble in water and, therefore, is easily released from solution (25% –75% loss) into the air when applied as an aqueous spray. Chlorine dioxide reacts quickly with the tuber and associated organic matter, thereby reducing the effectiveness. Applying higher than currently registered rates may be necessary to achieve measurable disease suppression.ResumenEl diéxido de cloro (ClO2) en aplicaciones de postcosecha ha sido evaluado como un supresor de enfermedades de papa cosechada. El dióxido de cloro se preparó acidificando una solución amortiguada de clorito de sodio con un ácido de consumo humano. Estudios in vitro verificaron la efectividad del ClO2 a bajas concentraciones (ED50 = 2 a 122 ppm) contraErwinia carotovora (pudrición blanda),Fusarium spp. (pudrición seca),Helminthosporium solani (costra plateada). Las evaluaciones de tubérculos inoculados conPhytophthora infestans (tizón tardío) yFusarium spp. o infectados conH. solani y luego tratados con ClO2, ya sea aplicado al almacén o a través del sistema de humidificación, no dieron el resultado deseado, o sea que no suprimió las enfermedades. El comportamiento inconsistente del ClO2 en almacenamiento parece ser el resultado de varios factores. Las concentraciones de dióxido de cloro variaron enormemente (hasta seis veces), dependiendo del método de activación y dilución de las soluciones de clorito de sodio. El dióxido de cloro es un gas soluble en agua, por lo tanto es fácilmente puesto en libertad en el aire a partir de la solución (25%–75% de pérdida) cuando se aplica como solución acuosa. El dióxido de cloro reacciona rápidamente con el tubérculo y la materia orgánica asociada, reduciendo de este modo su efectividad. Para alcanzar una supresión perceptible de las enfermedades puede ser necesaria una aplicación de mayores cantidades que las corrientemente registradas.

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R. G. Novy

Agricultural Research Service

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Jonathan L. Whitworth

Agricultural Research Service

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M. J. Pavek

Washington State University

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N. R. Knowles

Washington State University

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C. R. Brown

Agricultural Research Service

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D. C. Hane

Oregon State University

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