Paulo Borges Rodrigues

Valores Energéticos do Milheto, do Milho e Subprodutos do Milho, Determinados com Frangos de Corte e Galos Adultos

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e verdadeira (EMV) de 11 alimentos (amostras de milho e seus subprodutos e de milheto), utilizando o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas, com pintos em crescimento e o metodo da alimentacao forcada, com galos adultos (metodo Sibbald). No exp. I, 540 pintos Hubbard machos receberam as racoes experimentais em quatro repeticoes de 10 aves cada, exceto a racao referencia, a qual foi fornecida a seis repeticoes. No exp. II, cada um dos 11 alimentos foram fornecidos a 6 galos, os quais receberam 15 g do alimento pela manha (8 h) e 15 g a tarde (16 h), apos terem sofrido um periodo de jejum de 24 horas. Simultaneamente, seis galos foram mantidos em jejum, para determinacao das perdas endogenas e metabolicas. Apos determinados os valores de EMAn com pintos e EMVn com galos, estabeleceram-se equacoes para predizer os valores energeticos dos alimentos do grupo do milho e seus subprodutos, em funcao de sua composicao quimica. As EMAn e EMVn dos alimentos testados variaram de 1937 a 4108 e de 2246 a 4248 kcal/kg de materia seca, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o milheto podera constituir-se em um alimento alternativo ao milho, porem com valores energeticos pouco inferiores ao milho. As equacoes de predicao ajustadas com as variaveis fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) ou fibra bruta (FB) e materia mineral (MM) podem ser utilizadas para predizer os valores energeticos do milho e de seus subprodutos, sendo EMAn = 4281,6 - 39,97FDN - 72,90MM (R2 = 0,96) ou EMAn = 4354,8 - 112,05FB ¾ 151,74MM (R2 = 0,95) e EMVn = 4485,1 - 34,20FDN - 83,83MM (R2 = 0,94) ou EMVn = 4250,22 - 136,60FB - 120,48MM (R2 = 0,91).

Influência do tempo de coleta e metodologias sobre a digestibilidade e o valor energético de rações para aves

Em um ensaio de digestibilidade, avaliou-se o metodo de coleta total de excretas e o metodo do oxido cromico como indicador. Determinou-se a energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida pelo nitrogenio retido (EMAn) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da materia seca (CDAMS) de uma racao a base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo 19% de PB e 3.100 kcal de EM/kg. Foram utilizados 60 galos Leghorn, com peso de 2.350±105 g. Cada galo foi avaliado pelos dois metodos simultaneamente em periodos consecutivos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, para as duas metodologias avaliadas. Com o uso do oxido cromico, os tratamentos foram definidos em um arranjo fatorial 4x5 (quatro niveis de oxido cromico, 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 e 0,8%, e cinco tempos de coleta de excretas, 1 a 5 dias), totalizando 20 tratamentos na parcela (galo), em dois periodos consecutivos (subparcelas), com tres repeticoes por periodo. Na coleta total de excretas, os tratamentos foram definidos como cinco tempos de coleta (1 a 5 dias) na parcela e dois periodos consecutivos na subparcela, com 12 repeticoes por periodo. O uso dos periodos consecutivos de coleta nao afetou a EMAn nem o CDAMS. No metodo de coleta total, os valores de EMAn e CDAMS atingiram um plato acima de dois dias de coleta, comprovando que o tempo de coleta pode ser reduzido para tres dias sem comprometer os valores determinados. Os resultados indicaram interacao dos niveis de oxido cromico na racao e do tempo de coleta para os valores de EMAn e CDAMS. Concluiu-se que tres dias de coleta sao suficientes para determinar a EMAn e o CDAMS de racoes a base de milho e farelo de soja. Com tres dias de coleta e com o uso de 0,665% de oxido cromico na racao, foi possivel determinar valores semelhantes de EMAn e CDAMS nas duas metodologias.

Níveis de óleo e adição de complexo enzimático na ração de frangos de corte

Two experimental assays were carried out to evaluate the effect of the soybean oil and enzymatic complex addition in corn and soybean meal based diets on the broilers performance and nutrients digestibility. In the experiment 1, 960 broiler chickens, unsexed, received the treatments into 4 x 2 factorial scheme (four levels of soybean oil addition, 0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5%, with or without addition of a enzymatic complex with amylase, xylanase and protease) in four replicates of 30 chickens each, from 1 to 21 days of age. After the first phase, the broilers fed a standard diet until 42 days of age to evaluate a possible residual effect of the treatments on the performance from 22 to 42 days old. At the 21 days of age, 90 chickens (three male and two female of each replicate) were transfered to metabolism room (experiment 2), were the chickens received the same experimental diets to determination of the energetic values and dry matter and ether extract digestibility coefficients. The results shown no effect of the enzymatic complex addition nor interaction of the oil levels and enzyme supplementation on the broilers performance. The energetic value of the diets enhanced in 2.3% with the oil addition, without enzyme supplementation effect. The oil level of the 2.33% allowed a maximum digestibility of the ether extract. It was concluded that oil addition in the diet result in a better broilers performance and feed conversion reached the plateau in the 2.18% oil level.

Valores Energéticos da Soja e Subprodutos da Soja, Determinados com Frangos de Corte e Galos Adultos

Os valores energeticos (energia metabolizavel aparente - EMA e verdadeira - EMV) de amostras de farelo de soja (1, 2, 3, 4 e texturizado) e de soja integral processada (Jet Sploder, tostada e micronizada) foram determinados, utilizando-se o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas, com pintos em crescimento e o metodo de alimentacao forcada, com galos adultos. No primeiro ensaio, as racoes experimentais com os 8 alimentos foram fornecidas a quatro repeticoes de 10 aves cada, exceto a racao referencia, a qual foi fornecida a seis repeticoes. No segundo ensaio, cada um dos alimentos foi fornecido a seis galos, os quais receberam 15 g do alimento pela manha (8 h) e 15 g a tarde (16 h), apos terem sofrido um jejum de 24 horas. Simultaneamente, seis galos foram mantidos em jejum, para determinacao das perdas endogenas e metabolicas. Apos determinados os valores energeticos, estabeleceram-se equacoes para predizer as EMAn obtidas com pintos e EMVn com galos, utilizando-se a composicao dos alimentos. Os valores energeticos das amostras de farelo de soja 1, 2, 3, 4 e texturizado, sojas integral Jet Sploder, integral tostada e micronizada foram 2337 e 2733; 2376 e 2818; 2469 e 2766; 2437 e 2881; 2833 e 2810; 3224 e 3775; 3400 e 4001; 4104 e 4441 kcal/kg de MS, respectivamente para as EMAn determinadas com pintos e EMVn com galos; as equacoes ajustadas com duas a quatro variaveis foram boas preditoras dos valores energeticos dos alimentos, com valores de R2 superiores a 92%; as equacoes com as variaveis fibra bruta (FB) e extrato etereo (EE) podem estimar os valores energeticos da soja e subprodutos, sendo: EMAn = 2822,2 - 90,13FB + 49,96EE (R2 = 0,93) e EMVn = 2857,3 - 38,29FB + 61,02EE (R2 = 0,98).

Desempenho de frangos de corte, digestibilidade de nutrientes e valores energéticos de rações formuladas com vários milhos, suplementadas com enzimas

Two assays were carried out to evaluate the broilers performance, nutrients digestibility and the energy values of diets formulated with corn from different varieties (Experiment 1) and regions (Experiment 2), supplemented with an enzymatic complex. In each assay, were used 480 male broilers Hubbard, 14 days old, grown from 14 to 27 days to evaluate performance. The broiler chickens fed an experimental diets in 6x2 factorial design (varieties x region), in four replicates of 10 broilers in each experimental unit. Each corn were mixed in a basal diet in a fixed amount of 63.24%, constituting the experimental diets. The crude protein and energy values changed according to corn composition. Chromic oxide (0.5%) was used as indicator. During the 23rd to 27th days, the excretas were collected and, in the 28th day, all broilers of each replicate were slaughtered and the digesta present in the last 30 cm of the terminal ileum, anterior to ileo-cecal junction, was collected. The samples of the excreta and ileal digesta were analyzed for dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and starch, and the digestibility coefficients and energy values, were calculated using the indigestibility factor of chromic oxide. It was concluded that origen (varieties or regions) effected broiler performance; the nutrient digestibility and energy values of diets formulated with the corn type showed difference as a function of the chemical composition. The ileal digestibility of crude protein, starch and energy was improved in the diets supplemented with enzymes.

Redução de proteína e fósforo em rações com fitase para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade: desempenho e teores de minerais na cama

The trial was carried out to evaluate the performance and mineral levels in the litter of broilers from 1 to 21 days old, fed diets with low-crude protein (CP) and low available phosphorus (AP) supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase. A total of 1-d 1.500 male Cobb broiler chickens averaging initial weight of 42.5 g was allotted to floor pens as a complete randomized blocks design, with 3 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, being three levels of CP (15, 17 and 19%) and three levels of AP (0.25, 0.34, and 0.45%) and a control with expected nutritional requirements, according to Brazilian researchers recommendations, with six replicates of 25 broilers. In the diets with 0.25 and 0.34% of AP 500 FTU of phytase were added and the Ca levels decreased by 17%. Weight gain of the broilers fed diets with 15% of CP supplemented with synthetic amino acids in the three levels of AP + phytase and in the diet with 17% CP and 0,25% AP + phytase was lower than those fed the control diet. The feed intake of the broilers feeding low CP (15% ad 17%) and low AP (0,25%) + phytase was lower than those fed the control diet.. However, it was not observed any significant differences for feed conversion. The broilers fed diets with 17% and 19% of CP, with low AP (0.34%), supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase showed performance similar to those obtained with control diet. The CP and AP levels affected P, Ca, Zn, Cu ad K contents in litter, but did not affect N content. The mineral levels in the litter decreased when broilers were fed diet containing 17% CP and 0.34% of AP, supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase, except for the N content. The CP and AP levels may be reduced by 17 and 0,34% respectively, in the broilers diets in the initial phase (1 to 21 days old), with no effect on performance, since the diets are supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase. These levels of CP and AP resulted in decreasing environmental impact, due to the decreasing P, Ca, Cu, and Zn contents in the litter.

Energy values and chemical composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated with broilers

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina ( Spirulinaplatensis ), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparentmetabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using totalexcreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allottedin metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions withfive birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina(30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM),gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and totalphosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spirulinepresented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AMEand AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybeanmeal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal.Key Words: non-conventional food, nutritional value, total collection

Planos nutricionais com a utilização de aminoácidos e fitase para frangos de corte mantendo o conceito de proteína ideal nas dietas

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and characteristics of carcass of broiler chickens fed diets with reduced levels of CP, available P (aP) and Ca, supplemented with phytase and amino acids. The growth phases evaluated were: Phase1, 1 - 21 days old, phase 2, 22 - 42 days old. A completely randomized design was used, with the treatments constituted of five nutritional plans (NP), with six replicates of 25 birds each. The nutritional plans were: NP1 - basal ration (21.4% CP - phase 1) + basal ration (19.3% CP - phase 2); NP2 = basal ration (phase 1) + ration with 18% CP (phase 2); NP3 = basal ration (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2); NP4 = ration with 19% CP (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2) and NP5 = ration with 17% CP (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2). Except for basal ration, it was reduced the level of aP for 0.34% and 0.30% in the phases 1 an 2, respectively, and Ca to 0.80 and 0.70% in the phases 1 and 2, respectively , and in theses diets were added 500 FTU of phytase/ kg of ration. The NP4 and NP5 affected the bird performance. The bird fed NP2 and NP3 showed performance similar to those which was fed NP1, while birds that were fed PN4 and PN5 remained unchanged. The carcass and breast yield were not influenced by the nutritional plans. The birds fed basal diets in the two rearing phases (NP1) showed higher yield of thigh + drumstick. There was increase of the abdominal fat when the birds were fed NP3, 4 and 5. In conclusion, is possible to reduce the protein of the ration up to 16% in the phase 2, supplemented with phytase and amino acids, since the ration of the phase 1 be formulated with recommended nutritional levels.

Redução dos níveis de proteína e suplementação aminoacídica em rações para codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix)

The effects of feeding nine nutrition plans (NP) on the performance of 576 quails, allotted to a completely randomized design with nine treatments of four replicates of 16 birds, were evaluated in this trial. The following NP were analyzed from 1 to 21 days of age: NP1 = 28% of crude protein (CP), 1.5% lysine (L) and 1.1% methionine + cystine (MC) from 1 to 21 days and 24%CP, 1.3%L and 0.9% MC from 22 to 42 days (control); NP2 = 25.2% CP, 1.23% L and 0.83% MC from 1 to 21 days and of 21.6% CP, 1.0% L and 0.74% MC from 22 to 42 days; NP3 = 22.4% CP, 0.71% MC from 1 to 21 days and 1.2% L and 19.2% CP, 0.64% MC and 0.95% L from 22 to 42 days; NP4 = NP2+L; NP5 = NP3+L; NP6 = NP2+MC; NP7 = NP3+MC; NP8 = NP2+L+MC; and NP9 = NP3+L+MC. The diet supplementation from NP4 to NP9 with L, MC or L+MC aimed to provide values of L and MC similar to NP1. Diets (2,900 kcal ME/kg ) and water were fed ad libitum in both phases. From 1 to 21 days, decreasing dietary crude protein levels from 28 to 22.4% also reduced intake, body weight, weight gain, but did not affect feed conversion. The dietary supplementation with MC increased bird performance. The recommended level of L (1.5%) in a deficient diet in CP (19.2%) and MC (0.71%) decreased quail growth from 1 to 21 days of age. However, meeting the MC requirements decreased dietary CP levels from 28 to 22.4% and from 24 to 19.2%, respectively, for quails from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, independent of the lysine supplementation.

Níveis de proteína e fósforo em rações com fitase para frangos de corte, na fase de 14 a 21 dias de idade: 2. valores energéticos e digestibilidade de nutrientes

A digestibility assay was carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy values (AMEn), dry matter digestibility coefficients (DMDC), the excretion and apparent retention coefficient of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), using 250 Cobb male broiler chickens receiving the treatments distributed in a factorial schedule 3 ´ 3 + 1 (available phosphorus level - 0.25; 0.34 and 0.45% and crude protein level [CP]- 15.0; 17.0 and 19.0% and a control diet, with normal nutritional levels), with five replicates of five birds each. In the diets with reduced levels of available phosphorus (aP), 500 FTU of phytase were added and calcium requirement was reduced in 17%. Except for control treatment, all the diets were formulated on digestible amino acids basis. The energetic values of the diets with 15.0 and 17.0% CP, independently of the aP levels used or the phytase supplementation, presented higher AMEn that the control diet possibility regarding to supplemental amino acids addition. The DMDC of the diets with reduced CP levels and different levels of aP were higher than the control diet. The CP reduction in the diet associated to lower aP levels and phytase enzyme supplementation allowed to reduce the minerals excretion, which showed better retention coefficients, except for Zinc that presented lower retention coefficient than the the control diet. However, all minerals excretion, as relatively compared to the control diet, was minimized when lower levels of CP and aP was used in the diet, supplemented with phytase. The manipulation of the protein and phosphorus levels in diets supplemented with amino acids and phytase could reduce mainly the excretion of nitrogen, P and Cu, minimizing the environment pollution caused by these elements.