Paulo Giovanni de Abreu

Condições térmicas ambientais e desempenho de aves criadas em aviários com e sem o uso de forro

This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2x2, to evaluate the effect of period of year and type polyethylene liming on thermal and humidity of aviaries and performance of broiler. Four aviaries were divided in four boxes to house 200 chickens each. The recorded performance traits were body weight, weight gain feed intake, feed:weght gain ratio and mortality from hatch to 42 days of age. Better thermal conditions and higher chicken performance were observed in the polyethylene liming aviaries.

Medidas morfológicas em função do peso e da idade da ave, por meio de imagens

ABSTRACT The study was carried out with the objectives to quantify the distribution of the superficial temperature ofthe body of the broiler, to determine the relationship of proportion of the rate of heat loss (HLR) and ofcooling (CR) in function of the weight and broiler age and to accomplish morphologic evaluations bymeans of image analysis. The ROSS 508 broilers of one day were weekly accompanied during 42 daysof age, distributed in two groups of 10 animals. Weekly, each broiler was weighed, photographed andthe temperature of each body part was observed. The data of the temperature of broiler´s body partswere appraised using PROC MIXED of the SAS. Both temperature measurements of the broiler partsshowed variability though not presenting a defined behavior with age. The rate of heat loss (HLR)increased with age and broiler weight. However, cooling rate (CR) was inversely proportional to thebroiler weight. The use of digital images to esteem the area, the weight and the morphologic measures infunction of the broiler age is viable and can be used in calculation of heat and mass transfer for climatizationsystems of poultry house and also for the development of equipments using vision computational.

Análise termográfica da temperatura superficial de telhas

The objective of study was to get thermographic images from the surface of roof tiles to evaluate their tempertures. The evaluated treatments were: T1 - grey Coppo Venneto wave tiles ; T3 -Ivory-colored Coppo Venneto wave tiles; T2 - Ivory- colored, plain tile; T4 - plain, grey roof tile; T5 - glazed clay colonial tile; T6 - Asbestos wave tile T7 - French clay tiles . Each treatment was made up of three tiles which were piled one top of the other, except for the asbestos tiles. The experimental design was in randomized block with three repetitions. The data which were collected in each set time were analyzed through the repetitive measure model, using the MIXED procedure - SAS. The temperatures of the inferior surface of the tiles were very similar throughout the day. The ivory colored tiles had better superior and inferior temperature than the grey-colored ones in their respective category. The glazed, clay colonial tile presented a larger temperature of inferior surface than the other tiles.

Avaliação de Coberturas de Cabanas de Maternidade em Sistema Intensivo de Suínos Criados ao Ar Livre (Siscal), no Verão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental thermal conditions of different maternity hut covering materials, in the summer period through the following treatments: 1) maternity hut with polystyrene fecula covering 2) maternity hut with isolation of aluminum covering 3) maternity hut with screen and grass covering 4) maternity hut with canvas and grass covering 5) outdoor environment 6) under shade a tree. The six treatments were arranged in a randomized split-plot design where the six treatments were in the plot with five schedules hours in the subplots and three replicates. Sow lactantes Landrace x Large White were alloted at random considering farrowing order. Relative Humidity Air (RH), Air Speed, and Environmental Temperature (Te) data were determined and Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) and the Radiant Thermic Load (RTL) were calculated. The materials used as maternity hut covering improved the animal thermal comfort but they were not enough to assist ideal conditions for thermal comfort.

Comportamento suíno influenciado por dois modelos de maternidade

In this study two models of motherhood were evaluated. A model (MOD 1) consisted of two similar rooms, each room was made up of eight individual breed cells. The creep was of brick with wooden lid and floor heating by electrical resistance. The rooms of second model (MOD 2), consisted of 20 individual cells breeder, where only 16 were evaluated. The creep of wood was heated by 60 W incandescent lamp. The environmental conditions of the rooms and the interior of creep were assessed. The behavior of the piglets was assessed in the hall environment and creep. Generally, the more favorable environment for the piglets was in MOD 1 with the higher values of temperature and humidity within the comfort zone. The floor temperature of creep of MOD 2 was the one which provided the best results. The most observed behavior in the piglets was to stay inside the creep area and cluster of lying. The theme of this study needs further research, taking into account variables that may affect the temperature inside the creep area such as the material used in construction of shelter and heat exchange among the piglets.

Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems in poultry production: I. overall performance

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance, mortality and the incidence of lesion on the foot-pad of broilers and litter enterobacteriaceae load in two ventilation systems and two litter materials. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m broiler houses, internally divided in 4 pens, with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each one with 42 days of duration and interval of 15 days of downtime between flocks. It was evaluated two ventilation systems (stationary and oscillating fans), and two litter materials (soybean straw and rice husks). Performance variables studied were body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality of birds at 21, 35, and 42 days of age. Flock mortality was daily recorded, and total mortality was used for analysis. Evaluation of lesions by using foot-pad macroscopic examination was performed in all birds at final weighing. It was also performed quantitative examinations of litter enterobacteria. Statistical analyses were performed by using the mixed model theory for repeated measures and logistical regression. Rice husks litter promoted the best performance of birds at all studied ages. Results did not permit to recommend a ventilation system inasmuch as both had similar performances. Soy straw litter causes a high incidence of foot-pad lesions. Enterobacteria occurrence is lower in reused litter.

Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems on poultry production: II. thermal comfort

The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental thermal conditions in broiler houses with two different ventilation systems and two different litter materials. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m broiler houses, internally divided in 4 boxes/poultry house, with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each one with a duration of 42 days with 15 days of downtime between flocks. Treatments tested were two ventilation systems (stationary or oscillating fans), and two types of litter materials (soybean straw or rice husks). It was collected in the center of each pen and in the external enviroment, dry and wet bulb temperatures, black globe temperature, and air velocity. These data were collected at 3-hour intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. at the fourth, fifth and sixth week age of the bird. Based on the data collected at each time, wet and globe temperature index (WBGT) and radiant heat load (RHL) were determined. Litter temperature reaings were also performed by using an infrared thermometer. Effects of flock, ventilation, week, hour and the interactions among factors on the studied variables were evaluated in the analysis of the internal thermal environment by using the theory of mixed models for repeated measures. Ventilation provided by stationary and oscilating fans had equal behavior and it did not affect the studied variable. However, both ventilation systems are sufficient to soften internal thermal conditions in the broiler house in relation to the external environment. Relative humidity of the air is higher when rice husks is used as litter material.

Desempenho de diferentes substratos na decomposição de carcaça de frango de corte

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of different substrates in the decomposition of broiler carcasses. Six containers of a compost maker were used each one measuring 0.80 m width, 1.20 m depth and 1.50 m height. The substrates were: pine aciculae, sugarcane bagasse, corn straw, peanut shells, grass and sawdust. The composting was accompanied by four periods. The pile of each container was made up of five layers, in which, five poultry carcasses were uniformly deposited in two layers. The tumbling of the piles was done every 10 days, with the purpose to provide aeration for the substrate and water was added to the same. After 30 days, the final tumbling was done. In the assembly piles and in the tumbling process the carcasses and the substrate were weighed separately. During the process, the monitored parameters were dry matter, ashes, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, organic carbon and C/N ratio. All substrates were efficient in the decomposition of the broiler carcasses and final physiochemical composition values are in agreement with values in IN-25/Mapa, in other words, all of the substrates can be used as simple organic fertilizers.

Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems in poultry production: III. litter reuse, darkling beetle populations and intestinal parasites

It was evaluated the quality of rice husks or soybean straw as litter substrate and the effect of litter reuse for four consecutive flocks of broiler chickens on populations of darkling beetle and intestinal parasite and as organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m poultry houses, internally divided in 4 boxes/poultry house with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each flock with a duration of 42 days and with a 15-day downtime between flocks. The evaluated treatments were two ventilation systems (stationary or oscillating fans) and two litter materials (soybean straw or rice husks). Darkling beetle population was followed by collecting the insects in traps, three traps per box, and endoparasite litter contamination was determined by eggs/oocyst counts per gram of litter. Levels of dry matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, organic carbon and pH were evaluated by physical/chemical analyses of samples of the litters in each flock. Overall, litters of broilers used by three flocks meet the minimal legal requirements to be marketed as simple organic fertilizer, regardless to the material used as substrate. Soybean straw presented higher darkling beetle counts in stationary ventilation system as well as in oscillating ventilation system. The probability of rice husks litter present contamination by Eimeria spp oocysts is 18.78 times higher in rice husks than in soybean straw litter when both are submitted to oscillating ventilation, and 1.32 higher when stationary ventilation is used. Litter temperature does not influence significantly levels of contamination by oocysts.

Effects of biodiesel made from swine and chicken fat residues on carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions

ABSTRACT The effects of two alternative sources of animal fat-derived biodiesel feedstock on CO2, CO, NOx tailpipe emissions as well as fuel consumption were investigated. Biodiesel blends were produced from chicken and swine fat waste (FW-1) or floating fat (FW-2) collected from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment processes. Tests were conducted in an unmodified stationary diesel engine operating under idling conditions in attempt to simulate slow traffic in urban areas. Significant reductions in CO (up to 47% for B100; FW-2) and NOx (up to 20% for B5; FW-2 or B100; FW-1) were attained when using biodiesel fuels at the expense of 5% increase in fuel consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to elucidate possible associations among gas (CO2, CO, and NOx) emissions, cetane number and iodine index with different sources of feedstock typically employed in the biodiesel industry. NOx, cetane number and iodine index were inversely proportional to CO2 and biodiesel concentration. High NOx emissions were reported from high iodine index biodiesel derived especially from forestry, fishery and some agriculture feedstocks, while the biodiesel derived from animal sources consistently presented lower iodine index mitigating NOx emissions. The obtained results point out the applicability of biodiesel fuels derived from fat-rich residues originated from animal production on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The information may encourage practitioners from biodiesel industry whilst contributing towards development of sustainable animal production. Implications: Emissions from motor vehicles can contribute considerably to the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The use of biodiesel to replace or augment diesel can not only decrease our dependency on fossil fuels but also help decrease air pollution. Thus, different sources of feedstocks are constantly being explored for affordable biodiesel production. However, the amount of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and/or nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can vary largely depending on type of feedstock used to produce biodiesel. In this work, the authors demonstrated animal fat feasibility in replacing petrodiesel with less impact regarding greenhouse gas emissions than other sources.