Pedro Henrique Watanabe

Complexo enzimático para suínos: digestão, metabolismo, desempenho e impacto ambiental

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar a suplementacao enzimatica (amilase, pentosanase, celulase, protease e a-galactosidase) em racoes a base de milho e farelo de soja para suinos. No Exp 1, foram determinadas as digestibilidades aparentes da energia, materia seca, proteina e das fibras das racoes, com ou sem o complexo enzimatico, para suinos machos castrados, com 19,96 ± 2,90 kg de peso vivo. Foi utilizado o metodo da coleta total de fezes e as racoes foram formuladas com niveis reduzidos de energia, proteina e aminoacidos. No Exp 2, foram mensurados o desempenho, a excrecao de solidos totais e volateis, materia mineral, nitrogenio, macro e microminerais nas fezes, em relacao ao desempenho, de suinos machos castrados dos 50 aos 151 dias de idade, com peso medio inicial de 18,34 ± 1,35 kg. Foram utilizadas tres dietas, sendo uma racao formulada para atender ou exceder as exigencias nutricionais dos animais, de acordo com o NRC (1998), e outras duas com niveis reduzidos de energia, proteina e aminoacidos, suplementadas ou nao com o complexo enzimatico. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados. A suplementacao enzimatica em racoes contendo milho e farelo de soja nao promoveu incrementos na digestibilidade de nutrientes, nao melhorou o desempenho dos animais e tambem nao reduziu a excrecao de residuos pelas fezes. Mais estudos sao necessarios para testar novas matrizes e diferentes niveis do complexo enzimatico.

Desempenho de novilhos Nelore alimentados com casca de soja ou farelo de gérmen de milho em substituição parcial ao milho moído

The objective of this trial was to study the partial replacement of ground corn with soybean hulls or corn germ meal in diets containing sunflower meal and urea as nitrogen sources and corn silage as forage for confined Nellore steers. Twenty-one steers averaging 25 months of age and 343 kg of initial body weight were assigned to diets containing a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. The period for measurements of intake and weight gain lasted 97 days. No significant differences were observed for intakes of dry matter (10.78, 9.73, and 10.62 kg/day), crude protein (1.40, 1.22, and 1.41 kg/day), and neutral detergent fiber (3.41, 3.89, and 3.60 kg/day), respectively, for diets containing ground corn, soybean hulls, and corn germ meal. However, intake of acid detergent fiber was highest (0.71% BW) for steers consuming the diet that soybean hulls replaced 70% of ground corn. Weight gain did not differ averaging 1.35, 1.29, and 1.32 kg/day feeding ground corn, soybean seed hulls, and corn germ meal, respectively. In addition, no significant differences were observed for feed conversion (7.88 kg of DMI/kg of weight gain), feed efficiency (0.12 weight gain/kg of DMI), and carcass dressing (54.52%) across treatments. It can be concluded that soybean hulls and corn germ meal can partially replace ground corn in diets for confined steers because both production and carcass dressing were maintained.

Equações de predição da composição química corporal a partir do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas de bovinos castrados Nelore

The objective of this trial was to develop simple regression equations for estimating the chemical body composition of Nellore steers by using the chemical composition of the 9-10-11th ribs cut. Twenty-seven feedlot Nellore steers varying from 338.0 to 503.6 kg of BW and from 21 to 31 months of age were used. Six reference animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial to estimate the initial chemical body composition. Contents of water, protein, EE, and ash of the 9-10-11th ribs cut and body tissues were determined. Regression equations for estimating empty body weight (EBW) through measurements of BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were: EBW = 0.8726 LW - 2.7399 and EBW = 1.5350 HCW + 13.598. The high R2 values (0.98) in both equations indicated that the EBW of Nellore steers can be predicted by using BW and HCW. The gain of 1.0 kg of EBW corresponded to approximately 1.15 kg of BW. Water content of empty body (EB) was highly correlated with water (R2 = 0.98) and EE (R2 = 0.91) contents of the ribs cut; the equation based on the percentage of water in the ribs cut had the best fit (Sx, y = 0.46). Because the percentage of EB EE was highly correlated (R2 = 0.95) with that of the ribs cut, the equation %EB EE = 0.9662% ribs EE + 1.5294 may be used for estimating EE content of EB. The same was true for ash, which can be estimated by the equation %EB ash = 0.5915% ribs ash + 0.7619 (R2 = 0.88). It was concluded that the percentage of water, EE, and ash in the 9-10-11th ribs cut accurately estimated the EB composition of feedlot Nellore steers.

Efeito da adição de probiótico em dietas de leitões desmamados sobre as características do sistema digestório e de desempenho

The aims were to evaluate the effects of the addition of different probiotic concentrations (0; 200 and 300 mg/kg of ration) in rations of pigs recently weaned and in different ages of slaughter, on the characteristics of the digesting system and performance. 35 weaned pigs were used, distributed in blocks randomized design in 3x2+1 (three probiotic concentrations x two ages of slaughter + group slaughter to the weaning). Five pigs were slaughter in the weaning day and the others to the 31 and 41 days of age. Were sampled segments of the duodenum and jejunum for counting villous, weighs the pancreas and liver and calculated the yield carcass. For diarrhea incidence and performance, 30 animals were used and the evaluations were accomplished in the following periods: P1 - 0 to 10, P2 - 11 to 20 and Total Period - 0 to 20 days after wean. There was not effect of the probiotic concentrations on the characteristics of the digesting system and the diarrhea incidence, however the weight gain and the feed:gain ratio were affected. The conclusion are: The gain weight and feed:gain ratio of piglets supplemented with 200mg of probiotic/kg of ration was better than the group supplemented with 300mg of probiotic/kg of ration. The different probiotic concentrations added in the piglets rations did not alter the characteristics of the digesting system, being showed alterations just in relation to the slaughter age.

Ractopamine in diets for finishing gilts

An experiment was carried out using 468 gilts, with an initial weight of 84.77 ± 7.20 kg and allotted into 36 pens to evaluate the effect of the addition of ractopamine in the diets on performance, characteristics and yields of carcass comercial cuts, composition and retail cuts of ham. It was used a randomized block design with four levels of ractopamine (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg of diet) and nine replicates with 13 animals per experimental unit. The initial body weight of the animals was the criterion used to form the blocks. It was not observed any effects of levels of ractopamine on daily weight gain of the animals. Daily feed intake presented a linear reduction when the level of dietary ractopamine was increased. Feed conversion of the animals was linearly improved with the inclusion of ractopamine in the diet. Significant differences were verified at fat and meat proportions on the carcass and wholesale cuts. There was a decreasing linear effect caused by ractopamine on the quantity and depth of fat and a linear increasing effect on lean percentage, on ham meat and on the weights of semimembranosus and gluteus medius. Diets for finishing gilts should contain 15 mg/kg of ractopamine per kg.

Avaliação econômica da utilização de diferentes níveis de polpa cítrica com ou sem adição de complexo enzimático nas dietas de suínos

An economic evaluation was done in order to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of 0, 5, 10 and 15% of citrus pulp (PC), with or without the addition of the enzyme complex, on the performance of 72 pigs from 25.71±7.51 to 98.81±10.64kg of body weight. The animals were slaughtered when they reached 98.81kg. The purchase value of the animals and feed costs (R

Receitas bruta e líquida parcial e custo de dietas contendo polpa cítrica para suínos abatidos com 130kg de peso

) were discounted from the carcass value, including subsidy rates (R

FARELO DE BABAÇU EM RAÇÕES PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE NA FASE FINAL: DESEMPENHO E AVALIAÇÃO ECONOMICA

). A linear increase (P= 0.0190) was observed, while linear reductions were observed for the gross receipts (P=0.0328) and net (P = 0.0013) partials, due to the inclusion of PC in the diet with or without the enzyme complex. Considering the evolution of corn, soybean meal and pig prices during 2008, there were some 12 different scenarios for partial and net income determined and in all of them, linear reductions were observed due to the inclusion of PC in the diet with or without the enzyme complex. The use of PC with or without the addition of the enzyme complex was unable to reduce the costs of feed.

Mananoligossacarídeo em dietas para leitões desmamados

The cost of inclusion of citrus pulp was evaluated in a qualitative feed restriction program using performance data of 36 pigs of Topigs lineage (from 83.7±5.1kg to 129.8±1.9kg) fed with crescent levels of citrus pulp (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The animals were slaughtered when they reached 130kg. The value paid for animal and its feeding cost were discounted from the carcass value (R

Probiótico em dietas de suínos sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade de rações

), according to each treatment. No effect (P>0.05) of the inclusion of citrus pulp on ration cost and gross income was observed. A negative linear effect (<0.05) on partial net income with the increasing participation of the citrus pulp in diets was found. The decreasing trend in the partial net income was caused by the reduction on carcass weight of animals fed on crescent levels of citrus pulp. Considering the increase on corn, soybean, and swine prices from June 2005 to May 2006, 12 different sceneries were determined for partial net income analysis. In all situations, linear reductions on partial net income were observed as a function of citrus pulp inclusion, evidencing that the ingredient was not efficient in promoting profits for producers.