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Featured researches published by Peter Wickham.


Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund | 1994

Commodity Prices: Cyclical Weakness or Secular Decline?

Carmen M Reinhart; Peter Wickham

Primary commodities still account for the bulk of exports in many developing countries. However, real commodity prices have been declining almost continuously since the early 1980s. The appropriate policy response to a terms of trade shock depends importantly on whether the shock is perceived to be temporary or permanent. Our results indicate that the recent weakness in commodity prices is mostly secular, stressing the need for commodity exporting countries to concentrate on export diversification and other structural policies. There is, however, scope for stabilization funds and the use of hedging strategies, since the evidence also suggests commodity prices have become more volatile.


Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund | 1997

Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan Africa

Alexander W. Hoffmaister; Jorge E. Roldos; Peter Wickham

The sources of macroeconomic fluctuations in sub-Saharan Africa are examined by comparing the CFA franc countries with the non--CFA franc countries. External shocks, especially terms of trade shocks, appear to have a greater influence on fluctuations of output and the real exchange rate in CFA franc countries. This result does not appear to be associated with differences in the economic structure but may reflect the fixed exchange rate regime, which does not (partially) buffer these countries from external shocks. Macroeconomic fluctuations in non--CFA franc countries are similar to those in other developing countries, particularly in Latin America.


IMF Occasional Papers | 1994

The Behavior of Non-Oil Commodity Prices

Eduardo Borensztein; Peter Wickham; Mohsin S. Khan; Carmen M Reinhart

The need to understand the factors that influence the behavior of commodity prices has taken on a special urgency in recent years, as nonoil real commodity prices have been declining almost continuously since the early 1980s. Since their short-lived recovery in 1984, real non-oil commodity prices have fallen by about 45 percent, translating into a sharp deterioration in the terms of trade for most commodity-dependent exporters. As Chart 1 illustrates, in 1992 the price of non-oil commodities relative to that of manufactures reached its lowest level in over 90 years.1 The longterm behavior of real commodity prices would thus appear to lend some support to the well-known Pre bisch-Singer hypothesis.2 This pattern in commodity prices has important practical implications for policymakers. For example, the presence of a negative trend in commodity prices implies continuously worsening terms of trade for many commodity-dependent countries, and further that efforts to stabilize the incomes of producers for an extended period of time may not be financially sustainable.


Do 'Flexible' Exchange Rates of Developing Countries Behave Like the Floating Exchange Rates of Industrialized Countries? | 2002

Do 'Flexible' Exchange Rates of Developing Countries Behave Like the Floating Exchange Rates of Industrialized Countries?

Peter Wickham

The paper examines the behavior of daily spot exchange rates for a sample of industrialized countries which are generally considered to be floating with only occasional official foreign exchange market intervention. This behavior is then compared to the behavior of the exchange rates of a sample of sixteen developing countries whose regimes are often classified as being “flexible”. Considerable differences in the way these developing countries’ exchange rate regimes operate is apparent from the daily data, with some sharing similarities with the regimes of the industrialized countries and with others demonstrating regime shifts and other marked discontinuities.


Volatility of Oil Prices | 1996

Volatility of Oil Prices

Peter Wickham

This paper examines the behavior of crude oil prices since 1980, and in particular the volatility of these prices. The empirical analysis covers “spot” prices for one of the key internationally traded crudes, namely Dated Brent Blend. A GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic) model, which allows the conditional variance to be time-variant, is estimated for the period which includes the oil price slump of 1986 and the surge in prices in 1990 as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The paper also discusses the growth of futures and derivative markets and the dynamic links between spot and futures markets.


Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund | 1985

The Choice of Exchange Rate Regime in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature (Le choix d'un régime de change par les pays en développement: Aperçu général des études consacrées à ce sujet) (Selección del régimen de tipo de cambio en los países en desarrollo: Examen de la literatura existente)

Peter Wickham

Tras el colapso del sistema de Bretton Woods se ha venido prestando gran atencion a los problemas que enfrentan los paises en desarrollo al elegir su regimen cambiario. En primer lugar, se plantea la cuestion de si es posible o deseable para un pais en desarrollo dejar flotar independientemente su moneda, permitiendo que su valor quede fijado en gran medida por las fuerzas del mercado. Entre las caracteristicas estructurales citadas que hacen inviable para la mayoria de los paises en desarrollo la flotacion independiente figura la condicion de subdesarrollo de sus mercados financieros y de divisas. Ademas de la necesidad de una estructura financiera bien desarrollada, se ha sugerido tambien la “apertura” de la estructura de comercio y produccion de la economia como factor de inviabilidad de la flotacion independiente para los paises en desarrollo. El estudio pasa luego a considerar la necesidad o deseabilidad para los paises en desarrollo de un cierto grado de flexibilidad cambiaria. Se estudia este punto con referencia al uso de normas o indicadores para la gestion del tipo de cambio. Este tema de la administracion del tipo de cambio, incluida la flexibilidad de los tipos vinculados, lleva al autor a pasar revista a los diferentes aspectos que debe tener en cuenta un pais en desarrollo al seleccionar un vinculo cuando las monedas de los principales paises industriales estan en regimen de flotacion mutua. Se estudian a continuacion los diferentes costos relacionados con la inestabilidad y las fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio, y la medida en que la seleccion de un vinculo puede utilizarse para reducir estos costos y mantener el tipo de cambio a un nivel adecuado. El articulo concluye con un examen de los trabajos empiricos realizados sobre la seleccion de regimenes cambiarios y con sugerencias sobre los aspectos en los que se requiere ulterior investigacion.Tras el colapso del sistema de Bretton Woods se ha venido prestando gran atencion a los problemas que enfrentan los paises en desarrollo al elegir su regimen cambiario. En primer lugar, se plantea la cuestion de si es posible o deseable para un pais en desarrollo dejar flotar independientemente su moneda, permitiendo que su valor quede fijado en gran medida por las fuerzas del mercado. Entre las caracteristicas estructurales citadas que hacen inviable para la mayoria de los paises en desarrollo la flotacion independiente figura la condicion de subdesarrollo de sus mercados financieros y de divisas. Ademas de la necesidad de una estructura financiera bien desarrollada, se ha sugerido tambien la “apertura” de la estructura de comercio y produccion de la economia como factor de inviabilidad de la flotacion independiente para los paises en desarrollo. El estudio pasa luego a considerar la necesidad o deseabilidad para los paises en desarrollo de un cierto grado de flexibilidad cambiaria. Se estudia este punto con referencia al uso de normas o indicadores para la gestion del tipo de cambio. Este tema de la administracion del tipo de cambio, incluida la flexibilidad de los tipos vinculados, lleva al autor a pasar revista a los diferentes aspectos que debe tener en cuenta un pais en desarrollo al seleccionar un vinculo cuando las monedas de los principales paises industriales estan en regimen de flotacion mutua. Se estudian a continuacion los diferentes costos relacionados con la inestabilidad y las fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio, y la medida en que la seleccion de un vinculo puede utilizarse para reducir estos costos y mantener el tipo de cambio a un nivel adecuado. El articulo concluye con un examen de los trabajos empiricos realizados sobre la seleccion de regimenes cambiarios y con sugerencias sobre los aspectos en los que se requiere ulterior investigacion.


Journal of Development Economics | 1991

The Demand for Money in Developing Countries: Assessing the Role of Financial Innovation

Patricio Arrau; Jose De Gregorio; Carmen M Reinhart; Peter Wickham


MPRA Paper | 1994

Non-oil commodity prices: Cyclical weakness or secular decline?

Carmen M Reinhart; Peter Wickham


Archive | 1999

Analytical Aspects of the Debt Problems of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

Ravi Kanbur; Enrica Detragiache; Peter Wickham; Stijn Claessens


Journal of African Economies | 1997

HIPCs' Debt Review of the Issues

Stijn Claessens; Enrica Detragiache; Ravi Kanbur; Peter Wickham

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Eduardo Borensztein

Inter-American Development Bank

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Stijn Claessens

Bank for International Settlements

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Jorge E. Roldos

International Monetary Fund

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Mohsin S. Khan

International Monetary Fund

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