Roberta Michelon Melo

Tempo médio para a alta fonoaudiológica a partir de três modelos com base fonológica

PURPOSE: to compare the average time for the speech therapy discharge among three therapy models related tor phonological disorders. METHOD: used data were obtained from the database of a higher education institution. The following inclusion criteria were adopted: age between 5:0 and 6:11; having parent or guardian permission to participate in the research; presenting diagnosis of phonological disorder classified as a mild or mild-moderate deviation and having received speech therapy through one of the phonological models: Cycles Model ; ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model or Maximal Oppositions Approach ; besides having had speech therapy discharge. The sample consisted of 38 children, eight treated by the Modified Cycles, 18 by the ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes, and 12 by the Maximal Oppositions. Data analysis counted the number of sessions in which there was direct speech therapy. The statistical analysis used the Statistical Analysis System, version 8.02, Kruskal-Wallis test with p <0.05. RESULTS: it was found that the average number of sessions for the Modified Cycles was 23.0, whereas it was 18.5 for the ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes, and 20.6 for the Maximal Oppositions. The research showed no statistically significant difference between the number of sessions in each therapy models. CONCLUSION: the three therapy models were equally effective, since that they promoted the speech therapy discharge and showed no significant difference in the average time of therapy for phonological disorder cases.

Consoantes líquidas: ocorrência de estratégias de reparo em diferentes faixas etárias e gravidades do desvio fonológico

, Roberta Michelon Melo (3), Helena Bolli Mota RESUMOObjetivo: investigar a relacao dos tipos de estrategias de reparo utilizadas nas consoantes liquidas do Portugues Brasileiro de acordo com a faixa etaria e a gravidade do desvio fonologico. Metodo: participaram do estudo 120 criancas, sendo 41 do sexo feminino e 79 do masculino, com idades entre quatro e oito anos e onze meses. Todas as criancas empregavam pelo menos uma das estra-tegias envolvendo alguma das consoantes liquidas (/l/, / /, /r/, /R/) – substituicao, semivocalizacao e/ou omissao – com emprego de 40% ou mais da estrategia no sistema fonologico. Os dados foram extraidos das avaliacoes fonologicas de criancas que nao haviam recebido terapia fonologica, e a gravidade do desvio fonologico foi determinada por meio do Calculo do Percentual de Consoantes Corretas – Revisado. Os dados foram submetidos a analise estatistica por meio do Teste Exato de Fisher, com p<0.05. Resultados: nao houve diferenca no emprego das estrategias de reparo utiliza-das para a classe das liquidas conforme a faixa etaria. Porem, foram observadas diferencas estatis-ticas na comparacao entre a gravidade do desvio e estrategias de reparo das liquidas em relacao a alguns dos segmentos e estrategias estudadas. Conclusao: conclui-se que a variavel extralinguis-tica, faixa etaria, nao esta diretamente relacionada com a utilizacao de estrategias de reparo para as consoantes liquidas no desvio fonologico. No entanto, atenta-se para a influencia da gravidade do desvio fonologico sobre o uso destas estrategias, que varia conforme o segmento-alvo. DESCRITORES: Disturbios da Fala; Patologia da Fala e Linguagem; Linguagem Infantil; Fala

Emprego da estratégia de reparo de plosivização: relação com a gravidade do desvio fonológico e fonemas acometidos

PURPOSE To analyze the occurrence of the repair strategy of stopping in the different severities of phonological disorder, and to verify the phonemes most affected by this strategy. METHODS Participants were 33 children, 14 female and 19 male, aged between 4 and 8 years. All children used the repair strategy of stopping for at least one phoneme or allophone, with percentage equal to or greater than 40%. Data were selected from the first speech assessment, before starting intervention, and phonological disorder severity was determined by the Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised. The number of children who used the repair strategy of stopping was accounted, analyzing the phonological disorder severity and the phonemes most affected by this strategy. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The use of the repair strategy of stopping was more observed for the degrees moderate-severe and severe, with 42.86% of occurrence in each one. No difference was found in the comparison between the types of phonemes and allophones affected in the sample: /s/, /ƒ/, /f/ and /z/, /[see text]/, /v/, [tƒ]/ and [d[see text]]/, /[see text]/, and /n/. CONCLUSION The stopping repair strategy is more frequent in the most severe degrees of phonological disorder. This strategy is used similarly by children with phonological disorders, with regards to the affected phonemes.

Variáveis extralinguísticas, sexo e idade, na consciência do próprio desvio de fala

BACKGROUND Self-awareness of speech impairment according to the following extralinguistic variables: gender and age. AIM To examine the influence of gender and age on the self-awareness of speech impairment. METHOD Participants were 24 children with the diagnosis of phonological disorder, 15 boys and 9 girls, with ages ranging between 5:0 and 7:7 years. For this group the assessment of self-awareness of speech impairment was performed. RESULTS Results indicated that 45.83% of the subjects presented self-awareness of speech impairment. There were no significant statistical differences between the studied extralinguistic variables and the self-awareness of speech impairment. However, a higher self-awareness of speech impairment was observed for six-year-old male children. CONCLUSION Children with phonological disorder can be self-aware of speech impairment; gender and age are not important factors for the development of this ability.

Imagens de ultrasonografia de língua pré e pós terapia de fala

The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrasound imaging of the tongue movement during the production of alveolar and velar stops, before and after speech therapy. A boy of a five year old and with Speech Disorder participated in this study. Were collected the articulatory data (ultrasound imaging of the tongue movement) and perceptive hearing of [t], [d], [k] and [g], before and after the 25 speech therapy sessions. Regarding results obtained in pre-therapy moment, when observing the three repetitions of the tongue curve of velar stops, a gestural indifferentiation was apparently detected, suggesting the presence of a dependency between the organizers of tip and body of the tongue. In the after therapy, a change in the tracing of the tongue gesture of [k] and [g] was verified. They started presenting a posteriorization of the tongue movement, synchronously with a rise in its body, as the adult standard. Thus, ultrasonographic findings were able to show a possible overcoming of the anteriorization stop velar, detected in the first perceptual speech analysis. In addition, these results seemed to reinforce the idea of covert contrasts in the speech of children with speech disorders.

Média dos valores da frase em crianças com desvio fonológico evolutivo

PURPOSE: To determine the average values of phrase in children with phonological disorder, and to compare it with benchmark values proposed in literature. METHODS: The sample consisted of 16 children with phonological disorders, seven females and nine males, with ages between 4 years and 5 months and 7 years and 7 months. After confirmation of the diagnosis of developmental phonological disorder, subjects were submitted to language assessment through the investigation of the average values of phrase, as proposed in literature. In this assessment, using three different modalities of language enunciation, we collected the first five sentences spoken by each child, which were scored according to their complexity, by giving different weights to syntactic and lexical elements of each sentence. RESULTS: When compared with the reference children, children with developmental phonological disorder presented lower values in all variables analyzed, and this difference was significant. The same was observed when the group was divided into age groups, however, in the age groups of 5 to 7 years some modalities analyzed showed no differences. CONCLUSION: According to this study, children diagnosed with developmental phonological disorder may present losses in other areas of language, such as semantics and morphosyntax, which are more evident in the early age groups.

Consciência do próprio desvio de fala e processamento auditivo no desvio fonológico

BACKGROUND: the ability of recognizing the own speech impairment and its possible relationship with the auditory processing in children with phonological disorder. PROCEDURES: this study included eight subjects diagnosed with phonological disorders, age between 5:0;26 and 7:7;2-year old. The phonetic / phonological system was evaluated by the Phonological Assessment of Child Speech. The Awareness of the own Speech Impairment Test, which aims to make the child listening and judging the deviations existing in their own speech, was applied. For evaluating the auditory processing, we used the Simplified Assessment of Auditory Processing (Screening), and Speech in Noise and the Alternate Dichotic Dissyllable Special Tests. RESULTS: all subjects were rated below expectations, with values below 50% of the maximum possible value in the tests of auditory processing. As for awareness of their own speech impairment, all subjects showed this ability in quite variable values even though their performance in the auditory processing tests was not satisfactory. This finding suggests that children in this period (5 to 7-year old), even the ones with difficulty to understanding or interpreting what they hear, are able to realize the mistakes they have in speech. CONCLUSION: the awareness of the own speech impairment is found in subjects with phonological disorder, regardless the performance in auditory processing tasks.

Percepções de pais/responsáveis de crianças com desvio fonológico acerca do desvio fonológico e da terapia fonoaudiológica

Purpose: investigating the perceptions of parents/guardians of children with phonological disorder in relation to the own disorder and the applied speech therapy. Methods: the sample consisted of 23 parents/guardians of children with speech disorder, who were taken care in a speech therapy ambulatory. For the analysis of the collected interviews, it was used the Content Analysis. Results: in summary, some points deserve attention: (a) the acceptability of the speech therapy services, including, in many cases being the demand for speech therapy an initiative of the own parents/guardians; (b) these ones perceive the linguistic difficulty of their children, as well the developments in his speech; (c) they list, with higher occurrence, school problems and bullying as difficulties related to phonological disorder and also their concern regarding it, (d) they often suggest more searches for speech therapy services to other parents, (e) they say they contribute in the family atmosphere with the speech therapy, and (f) even not so frequent, they mention to have some doubt in relation to the time of therapy. Conclusion: this way, parents/guardians exposed their views about their experience related to the difficulty of speech and language therapy. So, we believe in a contribution to the reflection of the therapeutic procedures adopted in speech therapy, as well as to the maturing of the therapist-patient relationship and therapist-parents. Therefore, it encourages the inclusion and closeness to caregivers in therapy.

Ocorrência de dessonorização no desvio fonológico: relação com fonemas mais acometidos, gravidade do desvio e idade

PURPOSE: To verify the occurrence of the phonological process of plosives and fricatives devoicing in children with phonological disorders. The following variables were involved: most affected phonemes, severity of phonological disorder, and age. METHODS: Participants were 50 children, with an average age of 6 years and 5 months. Speech data were collected by means of the Avaliacao Fonologica da Crianca (Phonological Assessment of Children) and submitted to contrastive analysis. The severity of the phonological disorder was determined by the Percentage of Consonants Correct - Revised. Then, it was analyzed which plosive and fricative phonemes were affected by the devoicing strategy, with occurrence greater than 40%. Afterwards, statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The simultaneous comparison the six phonemes showed no difference regarding the use of devoicing. Difference was found only for /g/ x /v/, and for /b/ x /v/. Regarding age, no significant difference was found. As for the severity of phonological disorder, difference was found only for the variable devoicing of /d/ and /ʒ/. CONCLUSION: The phonological process of devoicing have high occurrence in children with phonological disorder, with higher prevalence for stops consonants. Age does not influence the occurrence of this process, and the severity of the phonological disorder is a relevant factor to its use, with higher prevalence in the most severe degrees.

Caracterização acústica da sonoridade dos fones plosivos do português brasileiro

Objetivo investigar e comparar as caracteristicas acusticas das plosivas surdas e sonoras na fala de criancas com desenvolvimento fonologico tipico e, de adultos com padroes de fala tipicos da lingua. Metodo a amostra do estudo e composta por dois grupos - 17 adultos e 11 criancas com desenvolvimento fonologico tipico. Por meio de palavras/pseudopalavras ([’papa], [’baba], [’tata], [’dada], [’kaka] e [’gaga]) inseridas em frases-veiculo (“Fala ___ papa de novo”;), mediu-se o voice onset time, a duracao da vogal, a amplitude do burst e a duracao da oclusao. Foram comparados os registros acusticos de plosivas surdas e sonoras intra e intergrupo por meio de testes estatisticos (p<0,05). Resultados em geral, observou-se que: (1) o voice onset time foi maior para as plosivas sonoras em comparacao as surdas; (2) a duracao da vogal quando seguida ou precedida por uma plosiva sonora foi mais longa do que diante de uma plosiva surda; (3) a amplitude do burst foi levemente superior durante a producao dos segmentos sonoros e; (4) a duracao da oclusao se mostrou superior no contexto de plosivas surdas. Tambem se observou que adultos e criancas apresentam muitas similaridades em relacao a producao desses parâmetros. Conclusao pode-se concluir que as pistas acusticas investigadas apresentam-se como fortes parâmetros envolvidos na caracterizacao do contraste de sonoridade das plosivas. Alem disso, os resultados tambem indicam muitas semelhancas entre adultos e criancas com padroes fonologicos tipicos. No entanto, quando algumas diferencas sao evidentes, essas ocorrem na posicao de silaba atona e medial.