Roberta Freitas Dias

O papel das variáveis extralinguísticas idade e sexo no desenvolvimento da coda silábica

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of extralinguistic factors in the acquisition process of the post-vocalic segments /N, L, S, R/. METHODS: The research involved 170 subjects with ages between 1:2 and 3:10 years, within normal phonological development, monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The data collected from these subjects were 3026 lexical items originated from AQUIFONO and INIFONO databanks. The roles of extralinguistic and linguistic variables in coda acquisition were investigated, however, in this article, only the results of the variables age and sex were explored. Statistical analysis used the VARBRUL package. RESULTS: Both extralinguistic factors analyzed were relevant to the process of normal phonological acquisition. Age played a statistically favorable role in the acquisition process of all phonemes in both coda positions. There was an increase in the correct production of phonemes with age, however this growth was not linear. The first productions of the rhyme VC with /L/ in final coda occurred at 1:2, while the complete mastery of all four segments licensed in coda position was gradual, and was attained in stages extended until 3:8. Among the variables considered, sex was the second most selected by the statistical program, showing significant statistical differences for the variable sex in the acquisition of codas with medial /N/, /L/ e /S/ and the final coda with /L/. CONCLUSION: It was found a higher probability of correct use of the coda as age increased, but regressions in its use were observed, which should be seen as a normal stage of the development. Regarding sex, there was a tendency for male subjects to present higher phonological precision, however, this does not mean they present different acquisition stages when compared with female subjects.

Fatores relevantes para aquisição da coda lexical e morfológica no português brasileiro

OBJETIVO: analisar as variaveis relevantes na aquisicao das codas, morfologica (ex. cadeiras) e lexical (ex. lapis), quando preenchidas pela fricativa /S/ em final de palavra. METODOS: verificaram-se os dados de fala de 15 criancas, 10 meninas e 5 meninos, entre 1:7 e 3:7, falantes monolingues do portugues brasileiro, gravados quinzenalmente por um periodo de um ano. Os dados de fala foram obtidos por meio de atividades ludicas, transcritos e revistos. Estes foram submetidos a analise estatistica atraves do uso do Pacote Computacional VARBRUL. RESULTADOS: o programa selecionou, para ambas as codas as variaveis, classe gramatical e sexo, como relevantes a producao correta. Dentre as classes gramaticais, pronomes e adverbios, foram apontados como favorecedores a producao correta para os dois tipos de coda. Somado a essas, o programa selecionou tambem para coda lexical a classe dos substantivos, e para coda morfologica a classe dos numerais. As variaveis, tonicidade e contexto precedente mostraram-se favorecedoras da producao das codas lexicais, com maior probabilidade de realizacao correta quando ha uma silaba tonica e o contexto precedente for composto por vogal dorsal. A idade foi considerada uma variavel favorecedora na producao da coda morfologica, com resultado estaticamente significante nas criancas mais velhas. CONCLUSAO: observou-se que a classe gramatical e o sexo sao importantes no dominio de ambos os tipos de coda, no entanto, o processo de dominio de /S/ nos dois casos mostrou variaveis distintas, podendo-se inferir que a crianca as trata de maneira singular no seu processo de aquisicao.

A consciência fonológica e a consciência do próprio desvio de fala nas diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico

PURPOSE: to examine the relation between abilities in phonological awareness and awareness of the own speech impairment with different severity levels of phonological disorders. METHODS: 14 children took part in this study, aged between 5:0 and 6:11, showing phonological disorder diagnosis. Phonological disorders were classified in two perspectives: quantitative and qualitative. According to the quantitative approach, the groups were classified in Medium, Medium-Moderate and Moderate-Severe deviation. According to the qualitative approach there were the group with Delayed characteristics and the group with Initial characteristics. In order to collect the data, the Test of Phonological Awareness and the assessment of the awareness regarding their own speech impairment were adopted. Data were analyzed based on Kruskal-Wallis statistic test. RESULTS: statistically significant differences were observed in the tasks of nominal realism and syllable detection among the groups classified according to the qualitative approach. For the groups classified according to the quantitative approach, there was not statistically significant difference in the Test of Phonological Awareness. However, considering the assessment, the awareness of their own speech impairment, just these last groups presented statistically significant differences among themselves. CONCLUSION: a possible relation was identified between the performance in the phonological awareness tasks and the different severity levels of phonological disorder, mainly in a qualitative approach. The awareness of their own speech impairment also seems to be influenced by the different severity levels of phonological disorder, mainly in a quantitative approach.

Desvio fonológico: aspectos sobre produção, percepção e escrita

PURPOSE: To verify the relationship between the use of the compensatory lengthening strategy and the awareness of their own speech impairment, as well as between the latest and different writing hypotheses. METHODS: The sample was composed by children with ages between five years, zero months and 26 days and six years, 11 days and 26 days, diagnosed with phonological disorder. The Awareness of Their Own Speech Impairment Test and the Writing Hypotheses Evaluation were carried out. The compensatory lengthening strategy was identified using acoustic spectrography, and subjects were divided into two groups: one that uses the compensatory lengthening strategy, and another one that does not use this strategy. It was analyzed the relation between the use of the compensatory lengthening strategy and the awareness of their own speech impairment, both individually and between the groups. The sample was also divided according to the writing hypotheses into a group with pre-syllabic and a group with syllabic writing hypothesis. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The results showed that the group that did not use the compensatory lengthening strategy had higher awareness of their own speech impairment than the group that used the compensatory lengthening strategy. The group with syllabic writing hypothesis achieved higher average than the group with pre-syllabic writing hypothesis regarding awareness of their own speech impairment. CONCLUSION: Children can either use the compensatory lengthening strategy and not be aware of their own Speech Impairment, or be aware and not use the strategy. It was observed a possible relationship between awareness of their own speech impairment and writing hypothesis.

Variáveis extralinguísticas, sexo e idade, na consciência do próprio desvio de fala

BACKGROUND Self-awareness of speech impairment according to the following extralinguistic variables: gender and age. AIM To examine the influence of gender and age on the self-awareness of speech impairment. METHOD Participants were 24 children with the diagnosis of phonological disorder, 15 boys and 9 girls, with ages ranging between 5:0 and 7:7 years. For this group the assessment of self-awareness of speech impairment was performed. RESULTS Results indicated that 45.83% of the subjects presented self-awareness of speech impairment. There were no significant statistical differences between the studied extralinguistic variables and the self-awareness of speech impairment. However, a higher self-awareness of speech impairment was observed for six-year-old male children. CONCLUSION Children with phonological disorder can be self-aware of speech impairment; gender and age are not important factors for the development of this ability.

Imagens de ultrasonografia de língua pré e pós terapia de fala

The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrasound imaging of the tongue movement during the production of alveolar and velar stops, before and after speech therapy. A boy of a five year old and with Speech Disorder participated in this study. Were collected the articulatory data (ultrasound imaging of the tongue movement) and perceptive hearing of [t], [d], [k] and [g], before and after the 25 speech therapy sessions. Regarding results obtained in pre-therapy moment, when observing the three repetitions of the tongue curve of velar stops, a gestural indifferentiation was apparently detected, suggesting the presence of a dependency between the organizers of tip and body of the tongue. In the after therapy, a change in the tracing of the tongue gesture of [k] and [g] was verified. They started presenting a posteriorization of the tongue movement, synchronously with a rise in its body, as the adult standard. Thus, ultrasonographic findings were able to show a possible overcoming of the anteriorization stop velar, detected in the first perceptual speech analysis. In addition, these results seemed to reinforce the idea of covert contrasts in the speech of children with speech disorders.

Consciência do próprio desvio de fala e processamento auditivo no desvio fonológico

BACKGROUND: the ability of recognizing the own speech impairment and its possible relationship with the auditory processing in children with phonological disorder. PROCEDURES: this study included eight subjects diagnosed with phonological disorders, age between 5:0;26 and 7:7;2-year old. The phonetic / phonological system was evaluated by the Phonological Assessment of Child Speech. The Awareness of the own Speech Impairment Test, which aims to make the child listening and judging the deviations existing in their own speech, was applied. For evaluating the auditory processing, we used the Simplified Assessment of Auditory Processing (Screening), and Speech in Noise and the Alternate Dichotic Dissyllable Special Tests. RESULTS: all subjects were rated below expectations, with values below 50% of the maximum possible value in the tests of auditory processing. As for awareness of their own speech impairment, all subjects showed this ability in quite variable values even though their performance in the auditory processing tests was not satisfactory. This finding suggests that children in this period (5 to 7-year old), even the ones with difficulty to understanding or interpreting what they hear, are able to realize the mistakes they have in speech. CONCLUSION: the awareness of the own speech impairment is found in subjects with phonological disorder, regardless the performance in auditory processing tasks.

Comparação da aquisição de /k/ e /g/ e das sequências fonéticas [kw] e [gw] no pb - variáveis intervenientes e status fonológico

PURPOSE: to analyze and to compare the acquisition of the phonetic sequences [kw] and [gw] and of the plosives /k/ and /g/ by children with typical speech development, considering the intervening linguistic and extralinguistic variables.METHODS: the amount of analyzed words was 3193, after 213 interviews with children who present typical phonological development. The Phonological Assessment of Child was used and all words which contain the phonetic sequences [kw] e [gw] and the phonemes /k/ e /g/ were selected. The analyzed dependent variables were: correct and incorrect production of the referred phonemes. The intervening variables were: sex, age, tonicity, number of syllables in the word, preceding syllabic context, following syllabic context, position in the word, sonority and segment complexity. The statistical program VARBRUL was used with significance level of 5%.RESULTS:the selected variables for the correct production of [kw] e [gw] were age and position in the word. To the production of /k/ and /g/, the variables were sex, age, preceding syllabic context, following syllabic context and sonority. In the analysis of all words which were the corpus of this research, the statistic program selected the complexity of the segment as relevant in the acquisition of the analyzed segments. The highest probability of correct production was found for the phonemes /k/ and /g/.CONCLUSION: the fact that different variables are significant for the acquisition of /k,g/ and of [kw, gw] showed a reason for different children’s phonological therapy organization, regarding the mentioned sounds. It seems that the sequences [kw] and [gw] may be considered as complex segments of Brazilian Portuguese, because the complexity of the segment was selected as statistically significant in the studied corpus.

Fatores intervenientes na produção correta da sílaba (c)vc em dados típicos e atípicos de fala

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the infl uence of extralinguistic, prosodic, and syllabic variables to the correct production of (C)VC syllables in children with typical and atypical phonological development. We analyzed speech data of 36 children. Dependent variables: correct production of the syllable, epenthesis, metathesis, coda omission, syllable omission and coalescence. Intervening variables: tonicity, number of syllables, preceding syllable context, following syllable context, word position, syllable onset complexity, coda segmental complexity and position of the (C)VC syllable in relation to the “metrical foot”. Extralinguistic variables: age, sex and type of phonological acquisition. The results showed as relevant to the correct production of blocked syllables for the typical speech data were age, sex, tonicity, word position, syllable onset complexity and coda segmental complexity. Except tonicity and syllable onset complexity, all other variables were selected as statistically signifi cant for the atypical data. The variable type of phonological development was selected. Besides, it was identifi ed in the typical cases a higher frequency and probability of blocked syllable correct production.

Aquisição da coda simples e complexa com /S/ em crianças com desvio fonológico

PURPOSE: to describe the production of final simple and complex coda with /S/ in children with phonological disorder, verifying the influence of linguistic and extra-linguistic variables in codas acquisition. METHOD: we utilized speech data from 66 children with phonological disorder, 33 boys and 33 girls, aged between 3:0 and 9:0. Speech samples were collected through a crossed-nature study, using the instrument referred to as Child Phonological Evaluation1, with 481 words being part of the database from a project which was approved by the Ethics Research Committee (CEP) of the institution. Next, the words were statistically analyzed through the statistical program VARBRUL, considering a significance level of 5%. We took into account as dependent variables the correct production of /S/, the omission of the coda or its substitution. As intervening variable, we considered the extra-linguistic factors age, sex, degree of the phonological disorder; and the linguistic variables grammatical class, tonicity, precedent context, and type of coda. RESULTS: the statistical program selected as statistically significant for the correct production of simple and complex coda, the degree of the phonological disorder, the type of coda, and the grammatical class, with the value of p < 0.01. CONCLUSION: we verified, through this study, that the degree of phonological disorder, type of coda, and grammatical class influenced in a significant way on the production of final simple and complex coda with the archiphoneme /S/, in children with phonological disorder.