Rodrigo Bozza

Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn adults, there is a substantial body of evidence that physical inactivity or low cardiorespiratory fitness levels are strongly associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. Although this association has been studied extensively in adults, little is known regarding this association in adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness levels with metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.MethodsA random sample of 223 girls (mean age, 14.4 ± 1.6 years) and 233 boys (mean age, 14.6 ± 1.6 years) was selected for the study. The level of physical activity was determined by the Bouchard three-day physical activity record. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by the Leger 20-meter shuttle run test. The metabolic syndrome components assessed included waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose levels. Independent Student t-tests were used to assess gender differences. The associations between physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with the presence of metabolic syndrome were calculated using logistic regression models adjusted for age and gender.ResultsA high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in inactive adolescents (males, 11.4%; females, 7.2%) and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels (males, 13.9%; females, 8.6%). A significant relationship existed between metabolic syndrome and low cardiorespiratory fitness (OR, 3.0 [1.13-7.94]).ConclusionThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high among adolescents who are inactive and those with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Prevention strategies for metabolic syndrome should concentrate on enhancing fitness levels early in life.

Estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de adolescentes da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, Brasil

OBJECTIVES: to characterize the nutritional status and dietary intake of adolescents attending public schools in the city of Sao Mateus do Sul, in the State of Parana, Brazil. METHODS: the Body Mass Index was calculated and classified as proposed by the World Health Organization. Dietary intake was calculated using the Survey of Consumer Food Frequency. Analysis was carried out using descriptive and frequency analysis, and Students t test with p<0.05. RESULTS: most individuals presented a normal nutritional status (84% being eutrophic, 12% overweight/obese and 4% underweight). The diet was characterized by adequate energy intake, with a distribution of nutrients in accordance with recommendations and higher in boys than in girls. Ninety percent of the adolescents had an excessive intake of fatty acids. There was adequate intake of vitamin C (287 mg and 328 mg for boys and girls respectively) and iron (27 and 21 mg respectively). The consumption of iron differed significantly between the genders (t=3.765; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the abnormalities found in dietary intake demonstrate the need for better understanding and evaluation of the type of food offered to students, as a way of developing strategies for intervention both within and outside of schools, and of helping prevent health problems related to nutrition.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes com diferentes níveis de gasto energético

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity in adolescence is related to body fat accumulation, which apparently can increase the probability of onset and development of metabolic changes. OBJECTIVE To verify the predisposition to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with different levels of energy expenditure. METHODS A total of 108 young men and 132 young women aged between 12 and 16 years were selected. Daily energy expenditure was obtained using the questionnaire proposed by Bouchard et al. The sample was previously divided according to the quartiles of energy expenditure (Kcal/kg/day) into three groups: sedentary (SG), moderately active (MG), and active (AG). The enzyme-colorimetric method was used to determine the total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG) levels. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald et als formula. The one-factor analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis, considering p<0.05. RESULTS For the male gender, significant differences were found between the groups for the TC variable (mg/dl); AG (121.56+/-19.15) was different from MG (142.70+/-27.65) and from SG (145.63+/-36.54). Likewise, MG was different from SG (F=3.70 and p=0.03). For the TG variable (mg/dl), AG (65.69+/-18.95) was different from MG (82.25+/-33.73) and from SG (97.44+/-45.95). Also, MG was different from SG (F=3.40 and p=0.04). For the female gender, no significant differences were found in relation to daily energy expenditure. CONCLUSION More active young men show lower TC and TG levels in comparison with their moderately active and sedentary peers.

Atividade física, consumo de lipídios e fatores de risco para aterosclerose em adolescentes

FUNDAMENTO: A aterosclerose e a doenca coronariana que acomete com maior frequencia a populacao adulta brasileira. Embora seja uma doenca predominantemente adulta, os fatores de risco associados podem surgir em individuos jovens. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associacao do nivel de atividade fisica (NAF) e o consumo de lipidios com os fatores de risco para aterosclerose em adolescentes. METODOS: Foram avaliados 260 meninos e 237 meninas com idades entre 10-18 anos. O nivel de atividade fisica foi estimado atraves do recordatorio proposto por Bouchard e cols.. O consumo de lipidios foi avaliado atraves do inquerito alimentar desenvolvido por Sichieri e Everhart. A pressao arterial foi mensurada utilizando um esfigmomanometro de coluna de mercurio. O colesterol total, o HDL-C e os triglicerides foram determinados atraves do metodo enzimatico-colorimetrico. O LDL-C foi calculado pela formula de Friedewald. Na analise estatistica, foi empregada a regressao logistica, com nivel de significância estipulado em p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao NAF, 17,3% dos meninos e 22,6% das meninas foram classificados como sedentarios. Para os habitos alimentares, 54% e 48,6% dos meninos e meninas, respectivamente, apresentaram consumo de lipidios acima das recomendacoes. Meninos com niveis elevados de colesterol total e de LDL-C tiveram maior razao de chances de serem sedentarios do que seus pares mais ativos. Apresentar niveis elevados de LDL-C esteve associado ao consumo excessivo de gordura saturada em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados avigoram as evidencias previas de que jovens devem ser encorajados desde cedo a adocao de um estilo de vida fisicamente mais ativo associado a uma ingestao alimentar apropriada.BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is the coronary disease that most often affects the adult Brazilian population. Although it is a predominantly adult disease, the risk factors can appear in young individuals. OBJECTIVE To verify the association between the physical activity level (PAL) and the consumption of lipids with the risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents. METHODS A total of 260 boys and 237 girls aged 10-18 years were assessed. The PAL was estimated based on the activity record proposed by Bouchard et al. The consumption of lipids was assessed through the food frequency questionnaire developed by Sichieri and Everhart. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury-column sphygmomanometer. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c and triglycerides (TG) were measured by the enzymatic-colorimetric method. LDL-c was calculated by Friedewalds formula. The statistical analysis was carried out through logistic regression, with a level of significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Regarding the PAL, 17.3% of the boys and 22.6% of the girls were classified as sedentary. As for the diet, 54% and 48.6% of the boys and girls, respectively, presented a consumption of lipids above the recommended level. Boys with high TC and LDL-c levels had a higher OR to be sedentary than their more active peers. High levels of LDL-c were associated with the excessive consumption of saturated fats in both sexes. CONCLUSION The results reinforce the previous evidence that young people must be encouraged since an early age to adopt a more physically active lifestyle, associated to more adequate dietary habits.

ATHEROSCLEROTIC RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND BMI IN ADOLESCENTS

Previous research has demonstrated high prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors in adolescents; however, the associate factors related to its onset are unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to relate inadequate blood pressure levels, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides (TG) with different VO2máx and BMI levels in a sample of 249 adolescents, aged between 12 to 16 years old. For VO2máx prediction, the 20 meters test was used. The BMI was calculated using the body mass/heigh(2) equation. The considerate inadequate levels were: blood pressure > or =90th percentile; total cholesterol > or =150 mg/dL; LDL-C > or = 100 mg/dL, TG > or =100 mg/dL and HDL-C <45 mg/dL. Logistic regression was used as statistical procedures, with p<0.05. For the boys, significant associations were observed between the low VO2máx with TC (OR 4.33; IC=1.23-15.20) and TG (OR=4.88; IC=1.15-20.79) and between overweight and TG (OR=4.33; IC=1.42-13.21). After BMI correction, the males subjects with low VO2máx maintained their significant associations with TC (OR=5.73; IC=1.52-21.58) and TG (OR=3.81; IC=1.86-16.94). The evidences in this study suggested an inverse relationship of the cardiorespiratory fitness with TC and TG for boys, independently of the BMI.

Síndrome metabólica em adolescentes de diferentes estados nutricionais

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents of different nutritional status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 582 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Body mass index (BMI) classification of nutritional status was performed using the NCHS growth charts. MetS diagnosis was determined by the presence of three or more risk factors. RESULTS Overall MetS prevalence was 6.7% (CI: 4.9%-9%); in boys, prevalence was 9.4%; and in girls, 4.1%. MetS prevalence was 17.2% (CI: 10%-28.2%) and 37.1% (CI: 23.2%-53.7%) in overweight and obese adolescents, respectively. All obese adolescents had at least one risk factor present, and demonstrated high MetS prevalence ratio compared with adolescents of normal weight (PR: 11.1; CI: 5.75-21.47). CONCLUSION High prevalence of MetS was observed in obese adolescents. Prevention strategies should focus on body weight control since the beginning of adolescence.

Fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados à adiposidade corporal em adolescentes

Objective: To identify sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with abdominal obesity (AO) and high body fat percentage (high BF%) in adolescents from the city of Curitiba-PR. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,732 adolescents, aged 11 to 19 years, of both genders. The triceps and calf skinfolds were measured for the calculation of BF%, as well as the waist circumference. A questionnaire was completed by adolescents with the following type of residence, socioeconomic status, time spent watching TV on weekdays and weekends, and daily energy expenditure. Logistic regression was used to measure the association of sociodemographic and behavioral variables with abdominal obesity and high BF%. Results: Female were more likely to have high BF% (OR: 2.73; 95% CI: 2.32-3.33), but were less likely to have abdominal obesity (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.44-0.78). Older individuals (1619 have high BF% (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02-1.83). The older age groups (13-15 years and 16-19 years) had an inverse association with abdominal obesity. Regarding daily energy expenditure, the less active individuals were more likely to present high BF% (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.07-1.71) and obesity (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.09-1.80). Conclusions: Interventions to increase physical activity levels in young people should be designed in order to combat excess body fat should designed to combat excess adiposity.Objetivo:Identificar fatores sociodemograficos e comportamentais associados a obesidade abdominal (OA) e ao percentual de gordura corporal elevado (%GC elevado) em adolescentes de Curitiba-PR.Metodos:A amostra probabilistica foi composta por 1.732 adolescentes, de 11 a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede publica de ensino. Foram coletadas as medidas de dobras cutâneas tricipital e panturrilha para o calculo do %GC, alem da medida da circunferencia da cintura. Um questionario foi preenchido pelos adolescentes para avaliacao das seguintes variaveis: sexo, idade, tipo de residencia, nivel socioeconomico, tempo gasto assistindo a TV durante a semana e o fim de semana, alem do gasto energetico diario. A regressao logistica foi utilizada como medida de associacao dos fatores sociodemograficos e comportamentais com a obesidade abdominal e o percentual de gordura corporal elevado.Resultados:As meninas apresentaram maior chance de ter o %GC elevado (OR: 2,73; IC95%: 2,32-3,33). Em contrapartida, tem menor chance de ter obesidade abdominal (OR: 0,58; IC95%: 0,44-0,78). Individuos mais velhos (16-19 anos) apresentaram maior chance de ter o %GC elevado (OR: 1,36; IC95%: 1,02-1,83). Em contrapartida, as faixas etarias mais elevadas (13-15 anos e 16-19 anos) tiveram uma associacao inversa com a obesidade abdominal. Em relacao ao gasto energetico diario, os individuos menos ativos apresentaram maior chance de ter %GC elevado (OR: 1,36; IC95%: 1,07-1,71) e obesidade abdominal (OR: 1,40; IC95%: 1,09-1,80).Conclusoes:Intervencoes relacionadas ao aumento nos niveis de atividade fisica na populacao jovem devem ser elaboradas para o combate do excesso de adiposidade corporal.

The prevalence and correlates of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular health among Southern Brazil adolescents: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe adoption of health-related behaviors is an important part of adolescence. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of the isolated and simultaneous presence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular health (BRFCH) among adolescents in Curitiba, Southern Brazil.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed with 1,628 adolescents (aged 11-17.9 years, 52.5% males) that were randomly selected from 44 public schools. Self-report instruments were used to assess the variables. Six BRFCH were analyzed: insufficiently active, excessive TV watching, current alcohol and tobacco use, daily soft drinks consumption and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables were studied as possible correlates of the presence of BRFCH.ResultsThe BRFCH with the highest prevalence were insufficiently active (50.5%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 48.0-52.9) and daily soft drinks consumption (47.6%, 95% CI: 45.1-50.0). Approximately 30% of the adolescents presented three or more BRFCH simultaneously. Girls, adolescents who did not participate in organized physical activity, and who used computer/video games daily were the main high-risk subgroups for insufficiently active. Boys and those who used computer/video games daily were the high-risk subgroups for daily soft drinks consumption. For excessive TV watching, we identified to be at risk those who were from a high economic class, unemployed, and who used computer/video games daily. For current alcohol use, we identified older adolescents, who were from a high economic class and who worked to be at risk. Older adolescents, who worked and who spent little active time during a physical education class were the high-risk subgroups for current tobacco use. For inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, we identified those who did not participate in organized physical activity to be at risk. Older adolescents, who were from a high economic class, who did not participate in organized physical activity and who used computer/video games daily were the high-risk subgroups for simultaneous BRFCH.ConclusionsWe found a high prevalence of BRFCH among adolescents, both isolated and simultaneously. The correlates of the presence of BRFCH can contribute to healthy policies among Brazilian adolescents, mainly focusing on high-risk subgroups for a health risk behavior.

Probabilidade de hipertensão arterial a partir de indicadores antropométricos em adultos

OBJECTIVE: To associate anthropometric measures with arterial hypertension and develop a mathematical model to estimate this probability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 3,445 adults of both sexes, between 18 and 60 years of age. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHR), waist circumference (HC), in addition age and sex were assessed. Blood pressure (BP) was measured and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Brazilian Society of Hypertension (SBH) recommendations, using frequency analyses, correlation and logistic regression between variables, with p < 0.05. RESULTS: Males were twice as likely as woman to have hypertension, and for each year of life, the chance of hypertension increased 1.04 times. Odds ratio of hypertension in overweight individual increased two times, and in obese subjects, four times. CONCLUSION: Changes in body composition with advancing age, especially in men, were associated with hypertension, and assessment of these changes was relevant in the identification of this disease.

Physical activity, lipid consumption and risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents

FUNDAMENTO: A aterosclerose e a doenca coronariana que acomete com maior frequencia a populacao adulta brasileira. Embora seja uma doenca predominantemente adulta, os fatores de risco associados podem surgir em individuos jovens. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associacao do nivel de atividade fisica (NAF) e o consumo de lipidios com os fatores de risco para aterosclerose em adolescentes. METODOS: Foram avaliados 260 meninos e 237 meninas com idades entre 10-18 anos. O nivel de atividade fisica foi estimado atraves do recordatorio proposto por Bouchard e cols.. O consumo de lipidios foi avaliado atraves do inquerito alimentar desenvolvido por Sichieri e Everhart. A pressao arterial foi mensurada utilizando um esfigmomanometro de coluna de mercurio. O colesterol total, o HDL-C e os triglicerides foram determinados atraves do metodo enzimatico-colorimetrico. O LDL-C foi calculado pela formula de Friedewald. Na analise estatistica, foi empregada a regressao logistica, com nivel de significância estipulado em p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao NAF, 17,3% dos meninos e 22,6% das meninas foram classificados como sedentarios. Para os habitos alimentares, 54% e 48,6% dos meninos e meninas, respectivamente, apresentaram consumo de lipidios acima das recomendacoes. Meninos com niveis elevados de colesterol total e de LDL-C tiveram maior razao de chances de serem sedentarios do que seus pares mais ativos. Apresentar niveis elevados de LDL-C esteve associado ao consumo excessivo de gordura saturada em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados avigoram as evidencias previas de que jovens devem ser encorajados desde cedo a adocao de um estilo de vida fisicamente mais ativo associado a uma ingestao alimentar apropriada.BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is the coronary disease that most often affects the adult Brazilian population. Although it is a predominantly adult disease, the risk factors can appear in young individuals. OBJECTIVE To verify the association between the physical activity level (PAL) and the consumption of lipids with the risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents. METHODS A total of 260 boys and 237 girls aged 10-18 years were assessed. The PAL was estimated based on the activity record proposed by Bouchard et al. The consumption of lipids was assessed through the food frequency questionnaire developed by Sichieri and Everhart. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury-column sphygmomanometer. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c and triglycerides (TG) were measured by the enzymatic-colorimetric method. LDL-c was calculated by Friedewalds formula. The statistical analysis was carried out through logistic regression, with a level of significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Regarding the PAL, 17.3% of the boys and 22.6% of the girls were classified as sedentary. As for the diet, 54% and 48.6% of the boys and girls, respectively, presented a consumption of lipids above the recommended level. Boys with high TC and LDL-c levels had a higher OR to be sedentary than their more active peers. High levels of LDL-c were associated with the excessive consumption of saturated fats in both sexes. CONCLUSION The results reinforce the previous evidence that young people must be encouraged since an early age to adopt a more physically active lifestyle, associated to more adequate dietary habits.