Santos Orejudo

El perfil de consumo televisivo en adolescentes: diferencias en función del sexo y estereotipos sociales

Resumen En este trabajo se analizaron las diferencias de sexo respecto al perfil de consumo televisivo de 577 adolescentes (307 chicas y 270 chicos) de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (España). Nuestro objetivo general ha sido conocer si el perfil de consumo televisivo de los adolescentes contribuye a definir el significado de género. Para establecer dicho perfil, se han agrupado las respuestas recogidas a través del CH-TV.01 en ocho indicadores: permanencia, alternativas, aparatos y disponibilidad física, mediación parental, conversación, estilo de visionado, preferencias televisivas y permanencia específica. Los datos nos permiten concluir que, en términos generales, no aparecen diferencias de sexo. No obstante, al analizar las respuestas obtenidas respecto a mediación parental, preferencias y permanencia específica se han encontrado diferencias significativas que indican que a las chicas les prohíben ver más programas que a los chicos, así como que las primeras manifiestan una mayor preferencia por los Talk Shows, los Reality Shows y crónica rosa. Igualmente, las chicas dedican más horas a ver dichos programas y teleseries que los chicos. Los resultados indican que, en términos globales, no se puede hablar de reproducción de estereotipos sociales.

Los programas y características de los personajes preferidos en el visionado de la televisión: diferencias evolutivas y de sexo

Resumen El estudio analizó las diferencias evolutivas y de sexo respecto a los argumentos que esgrimieron en la elección de programas televisivos y personajes preferidos una muestra de 859 personas (56.3% mujeres y 43.7% hombres). Se categorizaron las respuestas abiertas recogidas a través del CH-TV.01 (Cuestionario de Hábitos Televisivos). De modo global, tanto hombres como mujeres buscan entretenimiento en la televisión, les gustan los personajes de series cómicas, que suelen ser hombres de edad madura, y de ficción. No obstante, existen algunas diferencias por grupos de edad. Así, los adolescentes optan por programas de contenidos positivos y de humor, por personajes de series cómicas y de dibujos animados, que pueden ser infantiles o adolescentes y que no desempeñan una profesión específica. Los jóvenes se inclinan por los programas de evasión y los adultos, además de por éstos, por concursos e informativos, y ambos valoran la profesionalidad de los personajes elegidos, que suelen ser adultos o de la tercera edad. Por sexos no aparecen grandes diferencias, tanto hombres como mujeres buscan programas de contenidos positivos y la diversión. Las mujeres manifiestan preferencia por telenovelas, y personajes con características sociales positivas, y los hombres por deportes y dibujos animados.

The relation of music performance anxiety (MPA) to optimism, self-efficacy, and sensitivity to reward and punishment: Testing Barlow’s theory of personal vulnerability on a sample of Spanish music students

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a phenomenon often encountered among professionals and students who make public appearances. This article presents the results of a study carried out on a sample of music students in superior music conservatories in Spain (N = 434). Our goal was to analyze MPA on the basis of Barlow’s (2000) anxiety theory, supplementing it with further personality constructs such as dispositional optimism, general auto-efficacy, and sensitivity to reward and punishment. Our structural equation modeling (SEM) results reveal that several of those constructs exert their effect via the helplessness factor – the central construct in Barlow’s theory – and that they likewise exert a further series of direct effects on MPA. All in all, the variables taken into consideration account for 45.6% of variance in MPA in males and of 52.1% thereof in females. This study thus upholds Barlow’s theory of anxiety, while broadening it with further explanatory mechanisms.

Music Performance Anxiety in adolescence and early adulthood: Its relation with the age of onset in musical training

Music Performance Anxiety (MPA) is one of the major emotional problems affecting music professionals and music students; it can only be addressed on a professional basis if a more profound knowledge of determining factors is acquired. This study examines one of these factors, scarcely investigated until now: the age at which an individual began music training. The relation of age of onset with MPA is examined here in two separate samples of music students/pupils in Spain: one of 437 advanced music students (mean age = 22.64 years) and another one consisting of 209 pupils enrolled in music schools (mean age = 12.09 years). The first sample was tested with the Spanish version of the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Index (KMPAI), and the second sample was tested with the Performance Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ) elaborated by Cox and Kenardy (1993). These two independent samples, tested with different evaluation tools, yield results that indicate a significant relation between the age of musical training onset and the individual’s currently perceived level of MPA. Those students/pupils who started at the age of 7 or younger report lower levels of MPA. The article concludes with a discussion of these results’ potential implications on a theoretical and practical level.

Differences in performance anxiety levels among advanced conservatory students in Spain, according to type of instrument and academic year of enrolment

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyse differences in MPA (Musical Performance Anxiety) in students in five Spanish university-level music conservatories according to instrument type (solo or orchestra) and their academic year of enrolment (AYE). A sample of 476 students with a mean age of 22.59, enrolled in different specialties, responded to the K-MPAI questionnaire [Zarza, F. J., S. Orejudo, O. Casanova, and B. Mazas. 2016. “Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spanish Version.” Psychology of Music 44 (3): 340–352. doi:10.1177/0305735614567932]. We found significant interaction between the two variables ‘instrument type’ and ‘AYE’ along the dimension of specific anxiety cognitions, after having considered other variables such as performance frequency and gender. Results reveal tendencies in soloists that are different from those in orchestra musicians. In soloists, the level of MPA increases during their four years of university-level studies: first-year students display less anxiety than those in third or fourth year, whereas no significant MPA level differences can be observed in orchestra musicians in function of their academic year of enrolment. We hypothesise that these divergences could be due to divergences in training conditions and career perspectives.

The emergence and evolution of optimistic expectations in schoolchildren

Título: Emergencia y evolución de las expectativas optimistas en niños de educación primaria. Resumen: Al aproximarnos al estudio del optimismo en niños, encontramos la aparición de un sesgo que les lleva a elaborar predicciones optimistas. Con esta investigación pretendemos conocer los cambios que se producen en la etapa de educación primaria (6-12 años), tanto en la aparición del sesgo optimista como en la explicaciones que los niños hacen de sus predicciones. Han participado un total de 77 alumnos a los que de manera individual y mediante un formato de entrevista piagetiana se les ha pedido realizar predicciones sobre diferentes situaciones hipotéticas. Tras un primer análisis para establecer si la predicción del niño implicaba un cambio en sentido optimista o pesimista, se han categorizado las respuestas ofrecidas por los niños al argumentar su predicción. Los resultados muestran que los participantes en esta investigación consideran más probable el cambio positivo para eventos psicológicos o híbridos que para los biológicos, y que estos cambios son más probables entre los niños de menor edad. En cuanto a las explicaciones de estos cambios, los niños consideran que la propia naturaleza o el paso del tiempo pueden ser responsables de los mismos sin mediar otro tipo de intervenciones. Igualmente, razones parecidas suelen dar los niños mayores para explicar el mantenimiento de las situaciones. Palabras clave: Sesgo optimista, optimismo; educación primaria, predicciones, atribuciones. Abstract: When we study optimism in children, we note the temporary emergence of a bias that leads them to make optimistic predictions. In this study we intend to learn more about changes that can be observed in the optimistic bias of 6to 12-year old schoolchildren when they predict future events, and in the way they justify those predictions. A total of 77 pupils participated in this study; we evaluated each one of them individually with a Piagetian interview, asking them to formulate predictions about a series of hypothetical situations. After analyzing whether a child’s prediction implied that the situation would maintain itself or would change for better or for worse, we classified the justifications they provided for their predictions. Results show that these subjects regarded positive change as more likely in the case of psychological or hybrid events than for purely biological ones, and that younger children tended to display a greater bias in favor of the likelihood of positive change. These younger children justified their predictions stating that nature or the passing of time could be responsible for the changes, without needing further intervention on the part of other agents. Older children, on the other hand, tended to provide similar kinds of explanations to justify their expectation of stasis.

Lack of pattern of birth in patients with bulimia nervosa

OBJECTIVE An excess of bulimia nervosa (BN) births during the fall has been recently reported, but this finding has not been yet adequately replicated. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the presence of a seasonal birth pattern in a representative clinical sample of women with BN. METHOD We registered the month of birth of 216 female patients who fulfilled all the criteria for BN according to DSM-IV on admission to a specialized eating disorders service in Spain. RESULTS Our analyses showed no significant variation in the season of birth of our BN sample when compared to a general population. DISCUSSION Our data do not support the hypothesis of a season of birth bias in BN.