Syafrida Manuwoto

Respons Fisiologi Crocidolomia pavonana terhadap Fraksi Aktif Calophyllum soulattri

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological response of the cabbage head caterpillar Crocidolomia pavonana treated with an active fraction of Calophyllum soulattri bark extract. Extraction of the test plant materials were performed with maceration method using methanol, continued by counter-current distribution separation in ethylacetate and water. Methanol fractionation of C. soulattri was performed by vaccuum liquid chromatography and the bioassays were conducted by a leaf-feeding method. The results showed that the dichloromethane fraction of C. soulattri had strong insecticidal activity against C. pavonana larvae, with LC50 of 0.05%. Sublethal treatments with the active fraction at LC15, LC50, and LC85 reduced the relative growth rate of the fourth instars by 48.9-94.1%. The treatments with the fraction at LC15 and LC50 to the fourth instars reduced the activity of invertase and protease enzyme by 20.7-24.1 and 14.4-25.14%, respectively, but increased the activity of trehalase by 26.7-120% as compared with controls.

Analisis Spasial Lanskap Pertanian dan Keanekaragaman Hymenoptera di Daerah Aliran Sungai Cianjur

Hymenoptera is one of the four largest insect order (the other three are Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera). There are curerently over 115 000 described Hymenoptera species. It is clear that Hymenoptera is one of the major components of insect biodiversity. However, Hymenoptera biodiversity is affected by ecology, environment, and ecosystem management. In an agricultural areas, the spatial structure, habitat diversity, and habitat composition may vary from cleared landscapes to structurally rich landscape. Thus, it is very likely that such large-scale spatial patterns (landscape effects) may influence local biodiversity and ecological functions. Therefore, the objective of this research were to study diversity and configuration elements of agricultural landscapes at Cianjur Watershed with geographical information sytems (GIS) and its influence on Hymenoptera biodiversity. The structural differences between agricultural landscapes of Nyalindung, Gasol, and Selajambe were characterized by patch analyst with ArcView 3.2 of digital land use data. Results indicated that class of land uses of Cianjur Watershed landscape were housing, mixed gardens, talun and rice, vegetable, and corn fields. Landscape structure influenced the biodiversity of Hymenoptera. Species richness and the species diversity were higher in Nyalindung landscape compare to Gasol and Selajambe landscape.

(E,E)-α-Farnesene as a host-induced plant volatile that attracts Apanteles taragamae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to host-infested cucumber plants

ABSTRACT In tritrophic interactions between cucumber plants, the cucumber moth Diaphania indica Saunders (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and a larval parasitoid Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), female A. taragamae may use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to locate their host. However, the specific compound or blend of chemicals attracting A. taragamae remains unknown. In this study, differences in volatiles released from uninfested, mechanically damaged and host-infested cucumber plants were examined by the headspace volatile collection method. Responses of the larval parasitoid A. taragamae to the volatile extracts were examined in a four-arm olfactometer. We also investigated the attraction of female A. taragamae to a single compound identified as an HIPV from host-infested cucumber plants. Parasitoids discriminated between the volatiles from uninfested, host-infested and mechanically damaged plants. Chemical analysis of headspace volatiles from host-infested cucumber plants showed that (E,E)-α-farnesene was released as a major component (73.1%). When (E,E)-α-farnesene was tested alone in the range of 1.7–170 ng, female parasitoids responded to 17 ng only. Therefore, tritrophic interactions between A. taragamae and D. indica appear to be partly mediated by (E,E)-α-farnesene.

BIOLOGI KUTU PUTIH Dysmicoccus brevipes COCKERELL (HEMIPTERA : PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) PADA TANAMAN NENAS DAN KENCUR

Komponen utama minyak serai wangi adalah sitronela dan geraniol, yang memiliki sifat antibakteri dan antikapang, sehingga bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pestisida nabati. Peneli-tian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya ham-bat formula minyak serai wangi (air + elmul-sifier + minyak serai wangi 1%) terhadap ka-pang kontaminan asal ekstrak dan buah merah segar ( Geotrichum sp , Fusarium culmorum, Ulocladium sp dan Fusarium sp) dan asal serbuk sambiloto ( Aspergillus flavus ). Peneli-tian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Penyakit Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik (Balittro), pada Desember 2007 sampai dengan April 2008. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 2 metode : (1) Metode zona penghambatan, de-ngan dosis perlakuan 20 µl, kapang uji adalah kapang kontaminan asal buah merah segar; (2) Metode cawan dengan pengenceran bertingkat, kapang uji A. flavus , dengan beberapa konsen-trasi formula minyak serai wangi (0; 2; 5 dan 10%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar sitronela dalam formula minyak serai wangi yang diuji sebesar 1,54%. Formula mi-nyak serai wangi yang diuji memiliki kemam-puan menghambat pertumbuhan Geotrichum sp , Fusarium culmorum, Ulocladium sp dan Fusarium sp. Persentase penghambatan per-tumbuhan sebesar 16,07-66,67% pada 7 hari setelah perlakuan, dengan persentase pengham-batan terendah pada kapang Fusarium sp dan tertinggi pada Ulocladium sp. A. flavus tidak mampu tumbuh pada konsentrasi formula minyak serai wangi sebesar 10%, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 2 dan 5% menghambat per-tumbuhan A. flavus dengan daya hambat se-besar 11,78 dan 13,85%, pada hari ke-5 setelah perlakuan.Penelitian minyak jahe merah, pala dan selasih terhadap H. antonii Sign. dilakukan di laboratorium Kelompok Peneliti Hama dan Penyakit, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat Bogor sejak April sampai September 2005. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh minyak jahe merah, pala dan selasih terhadap H. antonii . Perlakuan minyak jahe merah, pala dan selasih masing-masing terdiri dari : 6; 3; 1,5; 0,75% dan 0% (kontrol). Apli-kasi dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu aplikasi pada serangga dan aplikasi pada pakan (men-timun). Infestasi H. antonii dewasa masing-masing perlakuan 10 ekor. Pengamatan dilaku-kan setiap hari dengan cara menghitung tingkat kematian H. antonii . Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 13 per-lakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menun-jukan bahwa : larutan minyak jahe merah dengan konsentrasi 6% efektif terhadap H. antonii sejak 6 hsa dengan tingkat mortalitas 83,33% dengan cara semprot serangga. Larutan minyak pala konsentrasi 6% efektif terhadap H. antonii pada 8 hsa dengan mortalitas 86,7% dengan cara semprot serangga. Larutan minyak selasih konsentrasi 6% juga efektif terhadap H. antonii sejak 5 hsa dengan mortalitas mencapai 80% dengan cara semprot serangga. Larutan minyak jahe merah dan pala konsentrasi 6% efektif tehadap H. antonii pada 8 hsa dengan tingkat mortalitas 96,67% dan 83,33% dengan cara semprot pada mentimun (pakan). Larutan minyak jahe merah, pala dan selasih diduga mempunyai peran sebagai insektisida nabati yang bersifat racun kontak.

Respons Biologi Wereng Batang Coklat terhadap Biokimia Tanaman Padi

The failure of a genotype to perform relatively the same in different environments is defined as the interaction Genotype x Environment (G x E interaction). The existence of G x E is often causing breeders facing difficulty to select superior genotypes to be tested further. Efforts to quantify the interaction between the average yields of genotype with environment can be done by parametric and nonparametric approaches. Experiments were conducted at 16 sites in dry season of 2008 and 2009. A total of 14 rice genotypes were tested using randomized complete block design. Combined analyses of variances of 16 sites showed highly significant effects of locations, genotypes, and genotypes x locations. Parametric stability analysis using the coefficient of variability (CVi) showed 6 lines (BP1808-1F-25, BP1352-1G-KN, IR76510-24-3, BP1178-2F-26, OM 5240, OM 1490) were stable. Based on parametric analysis of variance stability (Sv), however only 3 lines namely BP1808-1F-25, S4616-PN-7-3, and IR76510-24-3 were stable. Cultivar superiority method of parametric stability showed that BP1808-1F-25, OM 5240 and OM 1490 were stable, while OM4495 was stable based on Nassar and Huehn nonparametric methods. Results of Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that between CVi and Sv, and CVi and Pi were significantly correlated with r = 0.556, and r = 0.560, respectively. It indicated that those three stability parameters had equal strength for determining the stability of the lines or cultivars tested. Based on the three stability approaches BP1808-1F-25 was considered as stable line, while check cultivar Dodokan was unstable. Parametric stability was found more accurate than nonparametric ones, when assumption of the data distribution was fulfilled.Five rice hybrids (H40, H41, H45, H57, and H63) and three check varieties (Maro, Hipa3, and IR64) were tested for their yield stability and adaptability at 7 locations in Central Java during the dry season of 2005. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Objectives of the research were to evaluate stability and adaptability of the rice hybrids at 7 locations in Central Java. Yield stability and adaptability were determined based on the stability model of Eberhart and Russel and the adaptability criteria of Finlay and Wilkinson. Results indicated that yield potential of the five rice hybrids varied greatly, ranging from 4.92 t/ha (H41) to 6.35 t/ha (H35). Four rice hybrids yielded 2.33-8.61% higher than did IR64. The yield performances of hybrids H40, H45, H57, and H63 were stable across locations. Hybrids H40, H57, and H63 adapted well in all environments. Hybrid H45 adapted only to an optimal growth environment, while H40 adapted to sub optimal areas.Rat is a major rice pest that can detect and smell feed odor better then other mammals. Rice plants at booting and milky stages are the most commonly attacked by rats. These may be due to the preference of the rat to volatile compounds available in the plants at both growth stages. Analysis of the volatile compounds was conducted at the Flavor Analysis Laboratory of the Indonesian Center of Rice Research (ICRR), Sukamandi, by a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) using the Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) method. There were 54 volatile compounds identified from rice plants atbooting stage and 47 volatile compounds from that of milky stage. Descriptions of the volatile aromas contained in the rice plant at booting stage and milky stage were green, sweet, fatty, buttery, creamy, fruity, pungent sour, and beany.

Physiological Response of Crocidolomia pavonana to the Calophyllum soulattri Active Fraction

Rojolele is one of Indonesian local variety from Javanica group that susceptible to yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). Previous study showed that Rojolele can be cultured and regenerated in vitro. Two cry genes, cryIB-cryIAa were fused and introduced into rice cv. Rojolele in an attempt to improve resistance and to obtain durable resistance rice against the yellow stem borer. Two-week old embryogenic calli of Rojolele rice were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbored with binary vector pCAMBIA 1301, 1303, or 1304 carrying cryIB-cryIAa hybrid gene, hygromycin resistant gene (hpt), and -glucuronidase (gus) gene interrupted with an intron. The transformed calli were selected gradually on medium containing hygromycin (50, 100 mg/l) and regenerated on medium containing 0.5 mg/l IAA and 0.3 mg/l BAP. GUS activity in infected calli was detected by histochemical assay 3 days after inoculation. The highest (100%) transformation efficiency were obtained from calli transformed with pCAMBIA 1303 and 1304. Thirty four out of 77 transformed shoots were tested positive for the cryIB-cryIAa gene using PCR analysis. These shoots were grown in the soil to maturity and to collect the seeds. PCR analysis of the T1 progeny revealed that two out of six lines tested showed a Mendelian segregation pattern. These two lines were also potentially resistant to yellow stem borer based on bioassay in planta. Key words: cryIB-cryIAa hybrid gene, yellow stem borerRojolele is one of Indonesian local variety from Javanica group that susceptible to yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). Previous study showed that Rojolele can be cultured and regenerated in vitro. Two cry genes, cryIB-cryIAa were fused and introduced into rice cv. Rojolele in an attempt to improve resistance and to obtain durable resistance rice against the yellow stem borer. Two-week old embryogenic calli of Rojolele rice were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbored with binary vector pCAMBIA 1301, 1303, or 1304 carrying cryIB-cryIAa hybrid gene, hygromycin resistant gene (hpt), and -glucuronidase (gus) gene interrupted with an intron. The transformed calli were selected gradually on medium containing hygromycin (50, 100 mg/l) and regenerated on medium containing 0.5 mg/l IAA and 0.3 mg/l BAP. GUS activity in infected calli was detected by histochemical assay 3 days after inoculation. The highest (100%) transformation efficiency were obtained from calli transformed with pCAMBIA 1303 and 1304. Thirty four out of 77 transformed shoots were tested positive for the cryIB-cryIAa gene using PCR analysis. These shoots were grown in the soil to maturity and to collect the seeds. PCR analysis of the T1 progeny revealed that two out of six lines tested showed a Mendelian segregation pattern. These two lines were also potentially resistant to yellow stem borer based on bioassay in planta. Key words: cryIB-cryIAa hybrid gene, yellow stem borer

Spatial Analysis of Agricultural Landscape and Hymenoptera Biodiversity at Cianjur Watershed

A research has been conducted to optimize the rate of aeration and initial weight of cell aggregates in the production of ajmalicine in Catharanthus roseus cell culture in airlift bioreactor. Catharanthus roseus culture were grown in Zenk medium with the addition of 2.50 x 10 -6 M naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 10 -5 M benzyl amino purine (BAP). Cell aggregates were sub-cultured two times before transferring 20 and 30 g/fw of cell aggregates into bioreactor, respectively, and aerated with the rate of 0.25 l min -1 and 0.34 l min -1 , respectively. The pattern of ajmalicine production in bioreactor were observed in every three days within 24 days. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were conducted using HPLC connected to Cromatopac CL-7A Plus. The results showed that the cell aggregates and medium contain ajmalicine. The highest concentration was obtained in combination of 30 g/fw and 0.34 l min -1 aeration compare to 20 g/fw - 0.25 l min -1 , 20 g/fw - 0.34 l min -1 , as well as 30 g/fw A¢â‚¬â€œ 0.25 l min -1/sup>. The highest ajmalicine content in cell aggregates was obtained on the 12 days (79.23 A‚µg g - ) whilst in medium was obtained in the 18 thsup> days (981.15 A‚µg l - ). Key words: ajmalicine, cell aggregates culture, C. roseus, airlift bioreactorThe objectives of this experiment were to analyse physiological responses, such as oxidative burst reaction, peroxidase activity, and lignin content of healthy and S. rolfsii-infected peanut tissues. Differences in physiological responses among 24 peanut genotypes were determined, the disease severity was calculated and used to group resistance of tested genotypes. The regressions among observed peroxidase activity, lignin content and disease severity were used to determine the possible mechanisms of S. rolfsii resistance in peanut. Peanut seeds were grown in polybag and the growing plants were inoculated at the crown, stem, and leaf tissues. Results of the experiment indicated that infection of S. rolfsii in peanut did not induce oxidative burst. However, infection of the pathogen resulted in increased peroxidase activity and lignin content in the infected tissues. Regression analysis between peroxidase activity and disease severity showed negative slopes, indicating the more resistance the genotype, the more peroxidase activity in the tissue. Regression analysis between lignin content and disease severity was not significant. Key words: hypersensitive response (HR), resistance mechanisms, Sclerotium stem rot, disease response, Arachis hypogaeaHymenoptera is one of the four largest insect order (the other three are Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera). There are curerently over 115 000 described Hymenoptera species. It is clear that Hymenoptera is one of the major components of insect biodiversity. However, Hymenoptera biodiversity is affected by ecology, environment, and ecosystem management. In an agricultural areas, the spatial structure, habitat diversity, and habitat composition may vary from cleared landscapes to structurally rich landscape. Thus, it is very likely that such large-scale spatial patterns (landscape effects) may influence local biodiversity and ecological functions. Therefore, the objective of this research were to study diversity and configuration elements of agricultural landscapes at Cianjur Watershed with geographical information sytems (GIS) and its influence on Hymenoptera biodiversity. The structural differences between agricultural landscapes of Nyalindung, Gasol, and Selajambe were characterized by patch analyst with ArcView 3.2 of digital land use data. Results indicated that class of land uses of Cianjur Watershed landscape were housing, mixed gardens, talun and rice, vegetable, and corn fields. Landscape structure influenced the biodiversity of Hymenoptera. Species richness and the species diversity were higher in Nyalindung landscape compare to Gasol and Selajambe landscape. Key words: diversity, Hymenoptera, landscape, watershed, GIS