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Vasa-european Journal of Vascular Medicine | 2000

Changes in the extracellular matrix of the vein wall : The cause of primary varicosis?

D. Kirsch; H.-P. Dienes; R. Küchle; H. Duschner; W. Wahl; Th. Böttger; Th. Junginger

BACKGROUND Conflicting theories on the development of primary varicosis have led to the molecular biological investigation of the vein wall or, more accurately, of the extracellular matrix. It was the aim of this study to quantify matrix expression and to compare pathological changes in the vein wall with valve-orientated staging of varicosis, in order to determine indicators of the primary cause of varicosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred seventy-two tissue specimens of greater saphenous veins were obtained from 17 patients with varicosities and categorised according to Hach stage and procurement site. The specimens were compared with 36 specimens collected from six patients without varicosities, incubated with fluorescence-stained antibodies for collagen 4, laminin, fibronectin and tenascin prior to being assessed with confocal laser scan microscopy. In addition, 22 vein specimens (16 varicose, 6 normal veins) serving as negative controls were investigated. RESULTS Image analysis and statistical evaluation showed that compared with normal veins, varicose veins are associated with a significant increase in matrix protein expression for collagen 4, laminin and tenascin. A trend towards an increase in matrix expression was further observed for fibronectin. There was, however, no difference between varicose veins and clinically healthy vein segments inferior to a varicose segment. CONCLUSION If the findings of the present investigation can be confirmed by other studies, alterations in the vein wall may be regarded as the primary cause of varicosis and valvular insufficiency as the result of these changes.


European Journal of Surgery | 1999

Carcinoma of the hypopharynx and the cervical oesophagus: a surgical challenge.

Th. Böttger; P. Bumb; P. Dutkowski; T. Schlick; Th. Junginger

OBJECTIVE To report our results after reconstruction of the upper digestive tract for locally advanced carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical oesophagus. DESIGN Open study. SETTING Teaching University hospital, Germany. SUBJECTS Of the 517 patients who presented with carcinoma of the oesophagus between September 1985 and March 1997, 16 had a locally advanced tumour of the hypopharynx and 25 of the cervical oesophagus. INTERVENTIONS Free jejunal grafts were used after circular resection in all patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx, and for the 3 with oesophageal carcinoma in whom we obtained adequate resection margins. In the remainder stomach was used in 21 and colon in 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morbidity and mortality. RESULTS After jejunal grafting 1 patient died within 30 days and 2 died in hospital. After gastric or colonic reconstruction 2 patients died within 30 days and 4 in hospital. There was 1 anastomotic leak, 1 transplant became necrotic and had to be replaced, in 2 patients the recurrent nerve was damaged, 1 patient developed a wound infection and 1 a cardiac infarction. After gastric or colonic replacement 7 patients had paralysed recurrent laryngeal nerves, there was 6 anastomotic leaks, 1 chylous leak, 1 haemorrhage, and in 1 the transplant necrosed. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that we compared tumours in different sites, these results suggest that the jejunal graft is safer for upper oesophageal and hypopharyngeal reconstruction.


Vasa-european Journal of Vascular Medicine | 1999

Alterations of the extracellular matrix of venous walls in varicous veins

D. Kirsch; J. Schreiber; H.-P. Dienes; Th. Böttger; Th. Junginger

Background: Investigation of changes in normal veins which result in the formation of varicosis led to examination of the histological organisation of the vessel wall and to histomorphological alte...BACKGROUND Investigation of changes in normal veins which result in the formation of varicosis led to examination of the histological organisation of the vessel wall and to histomorphological alterations in the region of the extracellular matrix. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression pattern of the matrix proteins collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin, tenascin, and undulin as well as the structure and orientation of elastic fibres were determined by means of immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS All varices exhibited an increased expression pattern in comparison to healthy veins. The venous vessel wall was often non-homogeneously enlarged. The intima was always more involved than the media and showed enhanced accumulation, whereas, the adventitia was not influenced by the pathological process. Collagen IV exhibited an early accumulation, especially in the subendothelial region. The other matrix proteins demonstrated an increase in fibre propagation parallel to the enlargement of the vessel wall. Essentially, an augmented de novo synthesis of fibres with an irregular arrangement and the formation of local plaques was found. Elastic fibres were enhanced by slight involvement of the vessel wall and were reduced and fragmented during increased involvement of the venous wall which explained the rigidity of varices in contrast to normal veins.


Chirurg | 2000

Primäre Varicosis – Veränderungen in der Venenwand und im elastischen Verhalten

D. Kirsch; W. Wahl; Th. Böttger; Th. Junginger

Abstract. The aetiology of varicosis is still unclear. Investigation of changes in normal veins which result in the formation of varicosis led to examination of elastic properties and histomorphological alterations in the region of the extracellular matrix in the vessel wall of the long saphenous vein in normal and varicose veins. The rigidity of varicose veins was higher than that of normal veins; there was no difference between the varicose vein above a competent valve and the „normal“ vein below this competent valve. The matrix proteins demonstrated an increase in total fibres, whereas the elastic fibres were reduced and fragmented, explained the rigidity of varices. These results suggest that the role of the venous valves in the development of varicose veins is secondary to changes of the vein wall.Zusammenfassung. Die Frage nach der Pathogenese der Varicen führte zu Untersuchungen varicöser V. saphena magna im Vergleich mit klinisch noch gesunder Vene und klinisch und histologisch gesunder Vene. Untersucht wurde das mechanische Verhalten und die extracelluläre Matrix. Es zeigte sich, daß die Varicenwand rigider war als die Wand normaler Venen, davon war auch die Venenwand unterhalb einer noch intakten Venenklappe betroffen. Die Veränderung der Vene und damit die Ursache für die Änderung der Zugfestigkeit lag in der Venenwand und hier insbesondere an den Bestandteilen der extracellulären Matrix. Die Matrixproteine lagen vermehrt vor, die elastischen Fasern waren reduziert und fragmentiert. In der Zusammenschau der mechanischen Versuche und der immunhistochemischen Ergebnisse läßt sich die Theorie der primären Klappenzerstörung und der anschließenden varicösen Umbildung der Vene nicht bestätigen, viel eher kommt es zunächst zu einer Veränderung der Venenwand und damit auch zu einer Klappeninsuffizienz.


Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | 1991

Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zum gestielten Dünndarm-transplantat als partieller extrahepatischer Gallengangsersatz

Th. Böttger; B. Mann; B. Pickel; W. Weber; K. Sorger; Th. Junginger

SummaryA pedicle graft of the jejunum can in some cases enlarge a bile duct stricture. The enlargement of the patch and its consequences on the liver function are possible problems. In an animal experiment the following questions were sought. 1) Is a partial replacement of the bile duct with a pedicle graft of small bowel possible? 2) Is there an enlargement of the patch in every case and what are the consequences on the biliary tract and on liver function. The experiments were performed on 14 minipigs over a long-term observation period of 450 days. The red and white blood cell count, the GPT, GOT, GPT, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and copper were checked monthly. After 2, 6 and 12 months the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract were visualized via a PTC. After 8 months an angiography of the pedicle graft was performed. 15 months later the animals were killed and the bile duct, the graft and the liver were histologically examined. 1) With a pedicle graft of small bowel a partial replacement of the extrahepatic bile duct is possible. 2) An enlargement of the patch is seen in every case. The enlargement is a consequence of tension at the pedicle. After 15 months no morphological changes were observed at the patch nor were there any irregularities in liver function.ZusammenfassungMit einem gestielten Dünndarmpatch konnte in Einzelfällen eine Gallengangsstriktur dauerhaft erweitert werden. Man beobachtet jedoch eine Dilatation des Patches, deren Ursache ebenso wie deren Folgen auf die Leberfunktion bislang ungeklärt sind. Mit einem gestielten Dünndarmpatch ist tierexperimentell ein partieller extrahepatischer Gallengangsersatz möglich. Eine Erweiterung des Patches wird regelmäßig beobachlet. Ursache hierfür ist weder eine Denervation des Patches noch der intraduktale Gallengangsdruck, sondern möglicherweise ein Zug am Gefäßstiel. Morphologische Veränderungen treten am Patch nach bis zu 15 Monaten nicht auf. Leberfunktionsstörungen können weder laborchemisch noch histologisch nachgewiesen werden. Der gestielte Darmpatch stellt daher eine gute Möglichkeit zum partiellen Gallengangsersatz tar. Im Gegensatz zu einer Choledochuszyste scheint die regelmäßig zu beobachtende Dilatation des Patches aufgrund der erhaltenen Kontraktionsfähigkeit nicht zu einer Stase der Galle mit Entwicklung von Cholangitiden oder Konkrementen zu führen. Voraussetzung für these Operationstechnik ist allerdings ein freier Abluß über die Papille.A pedicle graft of the jejunum can in some cases enlarge a bile duct stricture. The enlargement of the patch and its consequences on the liver function are possible problems. In an animal experiment the following questions were sought. 1) Is a partial replacement of the bile duct with a pedicle graft of small bowel possible? 2) Is there an enlargement of the patch in every case and what are the consequences on the biliary tract and on liver function. The experiments were performed on 14 minipigs over a long-term observation period of 450 days. The red and white blood cell count, the GPT, GOT, GPT, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and copper were checked monthly. After 2, 6 and 12 months the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract were visualized via a PTC. After 8 months an angiography of the pedicle graft was performed. 15 months later the animals were killed and the bile duct, the graft and the liver were histologically examined. 1) With a pedicle graft of small bowel a partial replacement of the extrahepatic bile duct is possible. 2) An enlargement of the patch is seen in every case. The enlargement is a consequence of tension at the pedicle. After 15 months no morphological changes were observed at the patch nor were there any irregularities in liver function.


Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | 1994

Die aortoduodenale fistel

D. Kirsch; Th. Böttger; Theodor Junginger

Six patients were operated on for an aortoduodenal fistula at the Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz. All patients had received an aortic graft implant between 1 and 10 years ago. The etiology, symptoms, and diagnostic and surgical treatment of these six cases are presented, and the results are discussed in comparison with the results of other studies. The main symptom of all of our patients was gastrointestinal bleeding. In our patients arteriography and computed tomography were the best diagnostic procedures. At surgery, five patients underwent graft excision and axillobifemoral bypass (only four patients, as one died before implantation). In the other patient a local repair, with closure of the graft defect and bowel defect, followed by interposition of an omental pedicle, was performed. Two patients died within 6 days of operation due to multiple organ failure.ZusammenfassungAn der Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-und Abdominalchirurgie der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz wurden zwischen 1984 und Februar 1992 6 Patienten wegen einer aortoduodenalen Fistel operiert. Anamnese, Symptome, Diagnostik und operative Behandlung dieser Patienten werden anhand anderer Studienergebnisse analysiert und dargestellt. Bei allen Kranken wurde zwischen einem und 10 Jahren vor Auftreten der aortoduodenalen Fistel eine Aortenprothese implantiert. Führendes Symptom war die gastrointestinale Blutung. Die Angiographie und die Computertomographie waren in unserem Krankengut die Methoden mit der größten Treffsicherheit. Bei 5 Patienten wurde die infizierte Prothese explantiert, 4 dieser 5 Patienten erhiel ten anschließend einen axillobifemoralen Bypass, em Kranker starb vor der Rekonstruktion. Die Direktnaht der Aorta und Verschluß der Darmläsion mit anschlieBender Netzinterposition wurde bei einem weiteren Patienten durchgeführt. Zwei Kranke, unter Notfallbedingungen im Volumenmangelschock operiert, starben innerhalb der ersten 6 postoperativen Tage. Die anderen Patienten überlebten einen Zeitraum von mindestens einem Viertel bis zu einem Jahr.Six patients were operated on for an aortoduodenal fistula at the Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz. All patients had received an aortic graft implant between 1 and 10 years ago. The etiology, symptoms, and diagnostic and surgical treatment of these six cases are presented, and the results are discussed in comparison with the results of other studies. The main symptom of all of our patients was gastrointestinal bleeding. In our patients arteriography and computed tomography were the best diagnostic procedures. At surgery, five patients underwent graft excision and axillobifemoral bypass (only four patients, as one died before implantation). In the other patient a local repair, with closure of the graft defect and bowel defect, followed by interposition of an omental pedicle, was performed. Two patients died within 6 days of operation due to multiple organ failure.


Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | 1990

Prognostisch relevante Faktoren beim follikulären Schilddrüsenkarzinom

Th. Böttger; J Klupp; K. Sorger; Th. Junginger

SummaryThe discussion of the prognosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma is controversial. To evaluate the factors which influence the prognosis we retrospectively analyzed our patients from 1. 1. 1964 to 31. 12. 1987. 76 patients with a follicular thyroid carcinoma were treated during this time. Factors influencing the prognosis were: (1) multiple tumor growth; (2) pT-classification; (3) vascular invasion; (4) tumor stage; (5) degree of cellular differentation and (6) metastases. Because of the prognostic influence of multiple tumor growth and the slight prognostic influence of lymph node metastases we recommend a total thyroidectomy with neck dissection for follicular thyroid carcinoma.ZusammenfassungDie Therapie beim follikulären Schilddrüsenkarzinom wird teilweise kontrovers diskutiert. Zur Überprüfung der für die Prognose relevanten Faktoren wurde das Krankengut der Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz vom 1. 1. 1964 bis zum 31. 12. 1987 retrospektiv analysiert. In diesem Zeitraum wurden 76 Patienten mit einem follikulären Schilddrüsenkarzinom behandelt. Von prognostischer Relevanz waren: 1. ein multifokales Tumorwachstum, 2. die pT-Einteilung, 3. eine Gefäßinvasion, 4. das Tumorstadium, 5. der Differenzierungsgrad, 6. Fernmetastasen. Aufgrund der prognostischen Relevanz eines multifokalen Tumorwachstums sowie eines tendenziellen prognostischen Einflußes von Lymphknotenmetastasen befürworten wir beim follikulären Schilddrüsenkarzinom eine totale Thyreoidektomie mit modifiziert radikaler Neck-dissection.


Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | 1991

Ergebnisse der chirurgischen Therapie von Pankreaspseudozysten

Th. Böttger; K. W. Steegmüller; Th. Junginger

SummaryDuring the past few years pancreatic pseudocysts have been seen more frequently. Between 1. 1. 1978 and 31. 12. 1987 145 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were operated at the Surgical Clinic of Mainz University. In 93 cases internal drainage was performed with a morbidity of 11.8% and a lethality of 1.1%. External drainage and pancreas resection had a lethality of 6.5% resp. 4.7%. After a mean follow-up of 7.3 years patients with non-resection therapy had a better endocrine function but a worse pain relief than those with pancreas resection. Pseudocyst recurrences developed after internal drainage in 9.3, after external drainage in 55.5% and after resection therapy in 1 of 5 cases. Cystojejunostomy within Y-Roux-anastomosis is therefore a safe method with good long-term results for the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.ZusammenfassungPankreaspseudozysten werden zunehmend häufiger beobachtet. Zwischen dem 1. 1. 1978 und 31. 12. 1987 wurden an der Chirurgischen Klinik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz 145 Patienten wegen Pankreaspseudozysten operiert. In 93 Fällen erfolgte eine innere Zystendrainage, die mit einer Komplikationsrate von 11,8% und mit einer Letalität von 1,1% belastet war. Nach resezierenden Verfahren stieg die Letalität auf 4,7% und nach äußerer Drainage auf 6,5% an. Nach einer mittleren Beobachtungszeit von 7,3 Jahren zeigte sich, daß die nichtresezierenden Verfahren einen günstigeren Einfluß auf die endokrine Funktion und die resezierenden Verfahren auf die Schmerzfreiheit hatten. Zystenrezidive entwickelten sich nach innerer Drainage in 9,3%, nach äußerer Drainage in 55,5% und nach resezierenden Verfahren in 1 von 5 Fällen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die chirurgische Therapie unter der Voraussetzung einer richtigen Indikationsstellung bei niedriger postoperativer Komplikationsrate und Letalität gute Langzeitergebnisse aufweist.


Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | 1990

Wertigkeit der präoperativen Diagnostik beim Mesenterialgefäßverschluß

Th. Böttger; W. Schäfer; W. Weber; Th. Junginger

SummaryIn a prospective study the value of preoperative diagnostics in acute mesenteric vascular occlusion was investigated in 46 patients. Seventeen patients had an arterial thrombosis, 17 a venous thrombosis, 10 had an emboly and 2 patients suffered from a non-occlusive mesenteric infarction. All patients had leucocytosis with an average of 21.000/nl; serum lactate was increased in 91.4% and phosphate was increased in 36.4%. In 82.6% of the cases loops of the small bowel were seen on the X-ray of the abdomen, but in none of the patients an acute mesenteric vascular occlusion was suspected based on the X-ray alone. In 5 of the 46 cases the occlusion could be seen sonographically. The angiography had a sensitivity of 77%.ZusammenfassungIn einer prospektiven Studie wurde die Wertigkeit der präoperativen Diagnostik beim Mesenterialgefäßverschluß am Krankengut der Chirurgischen Klinik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz überprüft. Vom 1.9. 1985 bis zum 31. 8. 1989 wurden 46 Patienten (24 Männer, 22 Frauen) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 67,2 Jahren wegen eines Mesenterialgefäßverschlusses behandelt. In je 17 Fällen lag eine arterielle oder venöse Thrombose, bei 10 Patienten eine Embolie und in 2 Fällen ein non-okklusiver Mesenterialgefäßverschluß vor. 26 Patienten (26,5%) sind postoperativ verstorben. Aufgrund der klinischen Symptomatik wurde in 19 von 29 Fällen (65,5%) Verdacht auf einen Mesenterialgefäßverschluß geäußert. Laborchemisch fand sich bei allen Patienten eine Leukozytose von durchschnittlich 21000/nl. Das Laktat war mit Ausnahme von 4 Fällen (91,4%) und das PO4 nur bei 9 von 34 Patienten (36,4%) pathologisch erhöht. Radiologisch fanden sich in 82,6% (38/46) Dünndarmspiegel und in 8 Fällen (17.4%) ein unauffälliges Röntgenbild. Der Verdacht auf einen Mesenterialgefäßverschluß wurde in keinem Fall geäuBert. Der sonographische Befund war bei jedem zweiten Patienten unauffällig, in 14 Fällen (30,4%) fanden sich flüssigkeitsgefüllte Darmschlingen, in 4 Fällen (8,6%) freie Flüssigkeit im Abdomen und in 5 Fällen (10,8%) konnte der Verschluß direkt gesehen werden. Eine Angiographie wurde in 13 Fällen durchgeführt. Sie war in 3 Fällen (23%) falsch negativ. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit Ausnahme der Angiographie die übrigen bildgebenden Verfahren beim Mesenterialgefäßverschluß nicht aussagekräftig sind. Bei allen Patienten mit den bekannten Risikofaktoren und unklaren abdominellen Beschwerden sollte daher an einen Mesenterialgefäßver-schluß gedacht werden. Sollte die Indikation zur Operation nicht allein aufgrund des abdominellen Befundes gegeben sein, ist die Indikation zur selektiven Mesenterikographie großzügig zu stellen.


Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie | 2008

Influenceable surgical and anesthesiological risk factors for the development of cardiac and pulmonary complications in laparoscopic surgery of the colon

S. Hermeneit; M Müller; A Terzic; A. Rodehorst; M. Schamberger; Th. Böttger

Einleitung: Aufgrund der demografischen Verschiebung der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung werden zunehmend ältere, multimorbide Patienten operiert, die ein wesentlich höheres Risiko für das Auftreten intraund postoperativer Komplikationen aufweisen. Neben der Identifikation von patientenbezogenen, schwer beeinflussbaren Risikofaktoren werden beeinflussbare intraoperative Faktoren auf chirurgischer und anästhesiologischer Seite kaum untersucht. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, solche Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung der postoperativen Morbidität zu definieren. Methode: In einem Zeitraum von 44Monaten führten wir bei 157Männern und 209 Frauen mit einem medianen Alter von 63 Jahren einen laparoskopischen Koloneingriff durch. Dokumentiert wurden prospektiv ASA-Klassifikation, POSSUMScore, Facharztstatus des Anästhesisten, Wechsel in der Anästhesie, intraoperative Überwachungsmaßnahmen, Narkoseverfahren, Blutdruckund Pulsschwankungen während der Operation, Schockindex > 1, Substitution von Erythrozytenkonzentraten und FFPs sowie intraoperative chirurgische Komplikationen. Postoperativ wurden therapiebedürftige allgemeine, insbesondere kardiale und pulmonale Komplikationen sowie chirurgische Komplikationen, insbesondere Wundinfekte und Nachblutungen, dokumentiert. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte mittels SPSS. Ergebnisse: Intraoperative Überwachungsmaßnahmen fanden sich häufiger in höheren ASA-Stadien, wobei im Stadium ASA IV in 17% kein ZVK und in 33% kein arterieller Zugang gelegt wurden. Ein ähnlicher Zusammenhang mit dem POSSUMScore konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Patienten, die von Anästhesisten in der Weiterbildung betreut wurden, hatten in 6,7% kardiale Komplikationen und mussten in 13,1% nachbeatmet werden gegenüber 2% kardialen Komplikationen Abstract !INTRODUCTION Due to the demographic shift in the age structure of the population, increasingly older, multimorbid patients are operated who have a substantially higher risk for the occurrence of intra- and postoperative complications. Apart from the identification of patient-referred, hardly influenceable risk factors, influenceable intraoperative surgical and anesthesiological risk factors have hardly ever been examined. The aim of this investigation was therefore to identify influenceable risk factors for the development of post-operative morbidity. METHODS In a period of 44 months, we performed a laparoscopic colon resection in 157 men and 209 women with a mean age of 63 years. The ASA classification, POSSUM score, status of the anesthesiologist, change of the anesthesiologist, intraoperative monitoring, kind of anaesthesia, fluctuations of blood pressure and pulse during the operation, shock-index > 1, substitution of erythrocyte concentrates and FFPs as well as intraoperative surgical complications were documented prospectively. Postoperative general complications requiring therapy, in particular, cardiac and pulmonal problems as well as surgical complications, in particular, infections and hemorrhages, were documented. The data analysis was performed using the program package SPSS. RESULTS Intraoperative monitoring was more frequently used in higher ASA stages, whereas for ASA stage IV no central venous line was used in 17 % and no arterial catheter was placed in 33 %. a similar tendency concerning the POSSUM score could not be determined. Patients cared for by junior surgeons exhibited cardiac complications in 6.7 % and 13.1 % had to be mechanically ventilated postoperatively versus 2 % of cardiac complications and 9 % mechanical ventilation among those managed by specialists. An increase in postoperative complications could also be found when a change in anesthesia took place. During treatment by an assistant in case of emergencies, in cases where intraoperative substitution of erythrocytes or an operation lasting more than two hours, more cardiac complications and a higher rate of mechanical respiration was observed than during treatment by a specialist. A mechanical respiration was significantly more necessary in higher ASA stages (p < 0.01), in an operation lasting more than 2 hours (p < 0.01), in cases with the occurrence of intraoperative bleeding complications (p < 0.01), procedures with a lower status of the anesthesiologist (p < 0.01) and in procedures with a change of the anesthesiologist (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Factors such as overweight, ASA classification or urgency cannot be changed. Surgical factors such as a standardisation of the operation technique with reduction of the operating time and careful staunching of bleeding can help to reduce postoperative complications. Anesthesiologists can also help by avoiding a change of the anesthesiologist as well as by preference of specialists in patients with higher ASA stages and in emergency cases.

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