Thiago Rozales Ramis

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject ‘inflammatory markers and endothelial function’. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Acute response of peripheral CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction

The purpose of this study was to compare the peripheral expression of natural killers and CCR5 in a session of low‐intensity strength training with vascular occlusion and in high‐intensity training. Young males were randomized into session groups of a high‐intensity strength training (HI) and a session group of low‐intensity strength training with vascular occlusion (LI‐BFR). The exercise session consisted in knee extension and bicep curl in 80% 1RM (HI) and 30% 1RM (LI‐BFR) with equalized volumes. Blood collection was made before, immediately after and 24 h after each training session. Immunophenotyping was carried out through CD195+ (CCR5) e CD3‐CD16+CD56+ (NK) in peripheral blood and analysed by flow cytometry and presented in frequency (%). Peripheral frequency of NK cells showed no significant difference in LI‐BFR group in time effect, while a gradual reduction of NK cells was identified in HI group in before‐24 h postexercise and after‐24 h postexercise comparison. However, significant differences have been found in relative change of NK cells immediately after exercise between sessions. In addition, HI and LI‐BFR groups showed a significant reduction in the cells expressed CCR5 during 24 h postsession compared to the postsession, but CCR5 also differed when comparing before‐24 h after session in the HI group. No differences were observed amongst the groups. LIO induced CCR5 response similar to the HI session, while the NK cells remained in similar frequency during the studied moments in LI‐BFR, but not in HI group, suggesting that local hypoxia created by the blood flow restriction was able to prevent a change in the frequency of peripheral cells and a possible immunosuppression.

Effects of Concurrent Training on Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance in Obese Individuals

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and increased oxidative stress. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress in obese individuals subjected to two types of concurrent training at the same intensity but differing in frequency. Accordingly, 25 individuals were divided into two groups: concurrent training 1 (CT1) (5 d/wk) and concurrent training 2 (CT2) (3 d/wk), both with moderate intensity. Anthropometric parameters, IR, and oxidative stress were analyzed before and after 26 sessions of training. Both groups had reduced body weight and body mass index (P < 0.05), but only CT1 showed lower body fat percentage and increased basal metabolic rate (P < 0.05). Moreover, CT1 had increased HOMA-IR and decreased protein damage (carbonyl level), and CT2 had decreased HOMA-IR and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS level) (P < 0.05). On the other hand, both training protocols reduced the GPx activity. It can be concluded that both types of concurrent training could be an alternative for lowering body weight and BMI. Also, it was observed that concurrent training, depending on the frequency, can contribute to reducing body fat, oxidative damage (protein oxidation), and IR but can induce oxidative damage to lipids. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved.

Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

AIMS To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or strength training (ST) on inflammatory, oxidative stress (OS) and glycemic parameters in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients. METHODS After a 4-week control period, volunteers were randomly assigned to 10-week HIIT, ST or ST + HIIT protocol, performed 3×/week. Blood biochemistry, anthropometric, strength and cardiopulmonary fitness variables were assessed. Outcomes were analyzed via generalized estimating equations (GEE), with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. RESULTS ST, HIIT and ST + HIIT improved glycemic (HbA1c and fasting glucose) and antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities), but not plasma inflammatory (C-reactive protein, TNF-α and IL-10) or OS markers (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and oxLDL) levels. Noteworthy, interventions reduced soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products levels. However, intracellular heat shock protein 70 content increased only after HIIT. While daily insulin dosage decreased only in the ST + HIIT group, all training models induced anthropometric and functional benefits. CONCLUSIONS Similar benefits afforded by ST, HIIT or ST + HIIT in T1DM people are associated with enhanced antioxidant systems and glucose-related parameter, even in a few weeks. From a practical clinical perspective, the performance of ST + HIIT may be advised for additional benefits regarding insulin dosage reduction.

Efeito agudo do exercício de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo sobre parâmetros antioxidantes em indivíduos jovens saudáveis

Abstract Background Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. Methods: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. Results: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Hypotensive Response to Continuous Aerobic and High-Intensity Interval Exercise Matched by Volume in Sedentary Subjects

Mailing Address: Thiago Rozales Ramis Rua Felizardo, 750. Postal Code: 90450-190, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil. E-mail: thiago.ramis@yahoo.com.br Hypotensive Response to Continuous Aerobic and High-Intensity Interval Exercise Matched by Volume in Sedentary Subjects Francesco Pinto Boeno,1,2 Thiago Rozales Ramis,2 Juliano Boufleur Farinha,2 Cesar Moritz,2 Vagner Pereira dos Santos,1 Alvaro Reischak de Oliveira,2 Bruno Costa Teixeira1 Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI),1 São Luiz Gonzaga, RS Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS),2 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil

Cardiorespiratory responses of a dance session designed for older women: A cross sectional study

Background: Dancing has been increasingly used as a type of exercise intervention to improve cardiovascular fitness of older people. However, it is unclear which may be the exercise intensity of the dance sessions. Objective: To describe cardiorespiratory responses of a dance session for older women, and to identify intensity zones in relation to peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Methods: Ten women (66 ± 5 yrs., BMI 27 ± 4) were examined on three occasions: Familiarization, maximum effort and dance sessions. Incremental treadmill test: 5 km/h, 2% slope each min, until maximum effort. Dance class (60 min): warm‐up (20 min), across‐the‐floor (10 min), choreography (15 min), show (10 min) and cool‐down (5 min). Ventilatory parameters were measured continuously (breath‐by‐breath). Results: VO2 (mL·kg−1·min−1): Maximum effort: VO2peak (23.3 ± 4.3), VT1 (17.2 ± 3.5) and VT2 (20.9 ± 3.4). Dancing: warm‐up (12.8 ± 2.4, ˜55%VO2peak), across‐the‐floor (14.2 ± 2.4 ˜62%VO2peak), choreography (14.6 ± 3.2 ˜63%VO2peak) and show (16.1 ± 3.3, ˜69% VO2peak). Show was similar to VT1. Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory demands of a dance class for older women are at low aerobic intensity. Show was similar to VT1, indicating that a dance class may be modulated to improve aerobic fitness, at least at initial stages of training. HighlightsCardiorespiratory demands of dancing for older women are at low aerobic intensity.The show part (choreography learned) was similar to the first ventilatory threshold.The show may be manipulated (exercise/rest) for developing aerobic conditioning.Dancing may be a potential exercise for improving cardiovascular health with aging.

Comparison between concurrent training and running in deep water associated with nutritional counseling on weight loss and body composition in obese individuals

Aims: To compare the effects of two exercise programs, concurrent training and running in deep water, associated with nutritional counseling, in weight loss and body composition in obese individuals. Methods: Fifty subjects were divided into two groups according to the type of physical training program. One group, composed of 23 individuals, underwent a concurrent training (aerobic and strength); and 27 underwent deep water running (aerobic). All received the same nutritional counseling. Participants were assessed for weight, height, girth, body mass index and body composition (fat mass and lean mass) before and after 45 days of the program. Students t test was applied for analysis of variables between groups and Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the effect of weight loss in the other variables. The significance level was set at less than 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 48.1±12 years and 42 (84%) were female. After 45 days of intervention, 42 individuals lost a medium of 2.96% of initial weight, with significant reductions in all anthropometric variables, except the lean mass. There was no significant difference in weight loss and body composition among individuals who practiced concurrent training or practiced running in deep water. Conclusions: Both groups that underwent physical training and nutritional intervention showed weight loss and a positive change in body composition, without predominant effect between the exercise types.OBJETIVOS: Comparar os efeitos de dois programas de exercicios, treinamento concorrente e corrida em piscina funda, associados a orientacao nutricional, na perda de peso e composicao corporal de obesos. METODOS: Cinquenta individuos foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o tipo de programa de treinamento fisico. Um dos grupos, composto por 23 individuos, foi submetido a um treinamento concorrente (aerobico e forca); e 27 foram submetidos a corrida em piscina funda (aerobico). Todos receberam a mesma orientacao nutricional. Os participantes foram avaliados quanto ao peso, altura, circunferencias, indice de massa corporal e composicao corporal (massa gorda e massa magra), antes e apos 45 dias do programa. Para analise das variaveis entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste t de Student e para avaliar o efeito da perda de peso nas demais variaveis, a correlacao linear de Pearson. O nivel de significância adotado foi de menos de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A idade media dos participantes foi 48,1±12 anos, sendo 42 (84%) do genero feminino. Apos 45 dias de intervencao, 42 individuos perderam em media 2,96% do peso inicial, com reducao significativa em todas as variaveis antropometricas, exceto da massa magra. Nao houve diferenca significativa na perda de peso e na composicao corporal entre os individuos que praticaram o treinamento concorrente e os que praticaram corrida em piscina funda. CONCLUSOES: Os dois grupos submetidos a treinamento fisico e intervencao nutricional apresentaram perda de peso e alteracao positiva na composicao corporal, sem predominio de efeito entre os tipos de exercicio.