Vinícius de Souza Cantarelli

Energy values and chemical composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated with broilers

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina ( Spirulinaplatensis ), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparentmetabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using totalexcreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allottedin metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions withfive birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina(30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM),gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and totalphosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spirulinepresented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AMEand AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybeanmeal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal.Key Words: non-conventional food, nutritional value, total collection

The energy value of biodiesel glycerine products fed to broilers at different ages.

The objective of this study was to determine the apparent metabolisable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of some products containing glycerine from soybean oil (GOIL), a mixture of frying oil and lard (GMIX) and a semi-purified process (GSP) in broilers of different ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 days post-hatching), using two methodologies. In trial 1, the basal diets were replaced with 100 g/kg of each studied glycerine product and the diets were supplied ad libitum. Three hundred broilers were used in five replicates, with five, four, three and three animals per cage in each age group, respectively. The AMEn was calculated for each experimental unit. In trial 2, dietary treatments included the addition of glycerine at 0, 40, 80 or 120 g/kg for each crude glycerine product, with 900 broilers in six replicates, using the same number of animals per cage as described in trial 1. Depending on the experimental unit, the feeding was restricted in 88%, 92%, 96% and 100% of estimated intake according to the Cobb guide. The AMEn was determined using linear regression between the feed intake and the AMEn of each diet. In both trials, the total excreta collection method was used. Because of the chemical composition, GMIX was not considered crude glycerine. The mean AMEn values of the products were 20.55 MJ/kg, 15.80 MJ/kg and 15.05 MJ/kg for GMIX, GSP and GOIL, respectively. There was a linear decrease (p < 0.01) in the AMEn values with the increasing age of the broilers. Numerically, it was observed that the AMEn values decreased until 28-30 day post-hatching and then remained constant until the finishing phase. It is concluded that products containing glycerine can be used as an energy source for broilers, but that AMEn values can vary according to age. Younger broilers have a higher capacity of energy utilisation from these feedstuffs.

Características da carcaça e viabilidade econômica do uso de cloridrato de ractopamina para suínos em terminação com alimentação à vontade ou restrita

The objective of this research was to evaluate the supplementation of 5ppm of ractopamine (RAC), associated or not with feed restriction, on carcass characteristics on finishing pigs and the economic viability of its use. Thirty hybrid barrows (life weight of 107.2±6.2kg), receiving the experimental diets during 28 days before the slaughter. A randomized blocks design in factorial scheme 2 x 2 + 1 (with or without RAC in diets with 1.04% of total lysine; ad libitum or feed restriction of 15% and an additional treatment - control - ad libitum, without RAC containing 0.8% of lysine - standard diet), totalizing five treatments and six replicates. The addiction of RAC per se increased the loin eye area, the meat percentage, the carcass meat:fat ratio, the allowance index, the gross earnings and the production net earnings and decreased the animals backfat thickness. When associated with feed restriction, the RAC decreased the carcass fat percentage. Compared to standard diet, the RAC increased the carcass yield, the carcass meat percentage and the allowance index paid to the producer and decreased the backfat thickness. The RAC associated at the feed restriction decreased the fat carcass percentage and increased the carcass meat:fat ratio and the gross earnings. Thus, the supplementation with 5ppm of RAC, associated or no at the feed restriction, improves the carcass characteristics and the economic viability of production.

Composição química, vitreosidade e digestibilidade de diferentes híbridos de milho para suínos

Objetivou-se avaliar a composicao quimica, vitreosidade e valores nutricionais de diferentes hibridos de milho atraves de analises laboratoriais e de um ensaio de metabolismo com suinos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 24 suinos em fase de crescimento (35,6 Kg ±± 3,05 kg de PV) machos castrados mesticos (LD x LW), os quais foram mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de 6 racoes com os seguintes hibridos de milho: milho oleo (Moleo), milho QPM (MQPM), milho dentado (Mdent), milho semidentado (Msemi) e dois milhos duros (Mdur1) e (Mdur2). Os valores obtidos de vitreosidade, coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteina bruta (CDPB) e energia digestivel (ED) para Moleo, MQPM, Mdent, Msemi, Mdur1 e Mdur2 foram 78,5%; 71,7%; 57,2%; 68,2%; 75,9%; 82,8%; 81,68%; 80,14%; 82,35%; 69,71%; 76,98%; 75,61%; 3680; 3426; 3597; 3441; 3340 e 3469 Kcal/Kg, respectivamente. Foram observadas diferencas significativas (P<0,05) para os valores de vitreosidade, mostrando que os milhos de textura dura apresentam maior vitreosidade em relacao ao semidentado e ao dentado. Houve diferencas significativas no CDMS, CDPB e ED entre os milhos estudados (P<0,05), mostrando que o milho oleo (Moleo) e o dentado (Mdent) foram superiores aos demais. Em relacao ao nitrogenio retido (%NR), houve diferencas significativas (P<0,05) entre os milhos estudados. Para esta variavel os milhos dentado, QPM e alto oleo mostraram-se superiores aos milhos semidentado e os duros. Conclui-se que os milhos dentado, Moleo e MQPM foram superiores aos demais.

Effect of Ractopamine on Lipid Metabolism in vivo - a Systematic Review

The aim of this article was to evaluate the in vivo mechanism of action through which ractopamine reduces the amount of adipose tissue in carcass of animals fed diets supplemented with this drug. Literature search was carried out, using the keywords Ractopamine, lipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid and adipose tissue. The scoring system was designed for the adequacy of the methodology. A total of eight papers were found - all published in the English language. The determination of lipolysis and lipogenesis was carried out using different methods - from the quantification of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood to molecular analyses of adipose tissue. The review analysis suggested that, at least in the pigs, the use of this drug reduced lipid deposition in the carcass due to a greater inhibition of lipogenesis than an increase in lipolysis.

Digestibilidade ileal e perdas endógenas de aminoácidos de dietas com óleo de soja para suínos em crescimento

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the different levels of soybean oil on endogenous losses, apparent and true ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs diets. Four isoprotein corn and soybean meal based diets meeting the nutritional requirements for this phase, supplemented with crescent levels of soybean oil, (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5) were evaluated. Chromic oxide (0.25%) was added to serve as digestibility marker. Sixteen cannulated pigs (simple T-cannula), with weight of 48.0 ± 6.0 kg, were distributed to a complete randomized block design, based in the animal weight. There was no effect of the supplement of soybean oil levels on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of glutamate, glycine, arginine, alanine, proline, tyrosine, histidine and lysine. A linear effect was observed with the supplementation of soybean oil levels to the true and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of threonine and serine and a quadratic effect on the true and apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of valine, phenylalanine, total of non-essential amino acids and total of essential amino acids. True ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine and tyrosine, also showed quadratic effect of soybean oil supplementation. Better values of true and apparent ileal digestibility of essential and non-essential amino acids are obtained with the addition of 2.8 to 3.0% of soybean oil to diets for growing pigs.

Ractopamine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and quality of pig meat

This study evaluated the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on the performance of finishing pigs and the meat quality of these animals. Seventy crossbred pigs (35 barrows and 35 females) selected for high gain of lean meat, with initial weight of 77.1±0.32 kg were distributed in randomized blocks with five treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm RAC in the diet) and seven replications during 28 days. The experimental unit was represented by a male and a female pig. Regarding the performance variables, there was a linear increase in final weight with increasing levels of RAC, as well as in average daily weight gain. An improvement in feed conversion was observed for animals fed RAC, and the optimal level - estimated by the LRP model - was ~ 5 ppm. For feed intake, no significant effect on intake of digestible lysine and energy intake was observed. Carcass yield responses increased linearly with the RAC dose. Ash content, color component b* and loss drip linearly decreased with increasing doses of RAC. There was also a significant difference in the percentage of ether extract and crude protein in the loin, and treatment with 20 ppm RAC showed a lower amount of protein and larger amounts of lipids. Moisture content, color component L*, weight loss by cooking and defrosting, shear force and pH were not affected by the treatment. Concerning the lipid oxidation, there was no effect of RAC on the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) under cooling and under freezing. Thus, all ractopamine levels improve performance compared with control and do not negatively affect the quality of fresh, chilled or frozen pig meat.

Ractopamine hydrochloride in formulated rations for barrows or gilts from 94 to 130 kg

Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho, a composicao de carcaca e a viabilidade economica do uso de 5 e 10 ppm de cloridrato de ractopamina (RAC) em racoes formuladas para suinos machos castrados ou para femeas dos 94 aos 130 kg. Utilizaram-se 60 suinos, distribuidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 × 2, composto de tres niveis de ractopamina e dois sexos. Nao houve interacao significativa entre a ractopamina e o sexo para as variaveis analisadas. Observou-se, nos animais que receberam ractopamina, maior peso final, ganho de peso medio diario e conversao alimentar. As femeas apresentaram menor peso final, consumo medio diario de racao e conversao alimentar. Para rendimento de carcaca, area de olho-de-lombo e rendimento de carne na carcaca, o nivel de 10 ppm foi superior ao controle. A ractopamina, independentemente do nivel utilizado, reduziu a espessura de toucinho e melhorou o rendimento de filezinho, pernil e carne no pernil. As femeas apresentaram maior rendimento de carne na carcaca, menor espessura de toucinho, maior flexibilidade da barriga e menor espessura de toucinho da barriga. As carcacas de suinos sob suplementacao com ractopamina apresentaram melhor indice de bonificacao, receita bruta e receita liquida. Houve reducao no custo total e aumento no indice de bonificacao das carcacas das femeas, o que melhorou a receita liquida. Dessa forma, a suplementacao com 5 ppm de ractopamina e suficiente para melhorar o desempenho, a composicao de carcaca e o rendimento de cortes da carcaca de suinos machos castrados e femeas. Alem disso, a suplementacao com 5 ou 10 ppm de ractopamina, nas condicoes estudadas, e economicamente viavel, e o abate de femeas aos 130 kg, mais rentavel que o de machos castrados.

Efeito da peletização e adição de enzimas e vitaminas sobre o desempenho e aproveitamento da energia e nutrientes em frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade

Conduziu-se este experimento para avaliar o efeito da peletizacao e adicao de enzimas e vitaminas sobre o desempenho e aproveitamento da energia e nutrientes, em frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 350 pintos de corte, COBB, machos, com peso inicial medio de 47g ± 2,5g, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em arranjos fatorial 3 x 2 (tres dietas, com e sem enzimas) sendo que as dietas consistiram de uma racao farelada e duas racoes peletizadas,uma com adicao de vitaminas e minerais apos a peletizacao e a outra com adicao de vitaminas e minerais antes da peletizacao. O tempo e a temperatura da peletizadora variaram de 05 a 09 minutos e 58oC a 62oC, respectivamente. Apos esse processo, as racoes peletizadas foram trituradas, buscando-se manter a mesma granulometria das racoes fareladas. O ensaio de desempenho foi realizado com 10 repeticoes e o de metabolismo com 5 repeticoes cada tratamento, em uma densidade de 5 aves por parcela (gaiola). As racoes foram formuladas com 95% das recomendacoes nutricionais e fornecidas as aves com uma restricao alimentar de, aproximadamente, 10% do consumo ad libitum, o qual foi calculado diariamente a partir do consumo medio de um grupo de aves controle, que foram submetidas ao consumo a vontade de uma racao formulada para atender 100% dos niveis nutricionais recomendados. O complexo enzimatico utilizado foi o Allzyme Vegpro®, contendo em sua composicao as enzimas protease, amilase e celulase, adicionado aos tratamentos seguindo as recomendacoes do fabricante, de 0,5 kg por tonelada de racao. Aos 21 dias de idade avaliou-se o ganho de peso e a conversao alimentar. Tambem foram coletadas as excretas, pela metodologia de coleta total de excretas, nos dias 20, 21 e 22, para determinacao dos valores energeticos das racoes e digestibilidade da gordura e da proteina. Pelos resultados obtidos, observou-se que o ganho de peso, a conversao alimentar, a energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida e o coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato etereo apresentaram interacao significativa (P 0,05) entre dieta e enzima. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) das dietas sobre CDPB e diferenca significativa (P<0,05) em relacao a adicao de enzimas sobre as dietas. Conclui-se que as dietas peletizadas com adicao de vitaminas e minerais, antes do processo de peletizacao, promoveu efeito no desempenho das aves, refletindo positivamente no ganho de peso, na conversao alimentar e nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteina bruta, do extrato etereo e da energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida das aves.

Ractopamine for finishing barrows fed restricted or ad libitum diets: performance and nitrogen balance

Supplementation of 5 ppm of ractopamine, associated or not to feed restriction in diets with a high total lysine content (1.04%) was evaluated on performance and nitrogen balance. In experiment 1, 60 hybrid castrated male swine (76.2 ± 2.3 kg) were housed in pairs according to a randomized complete block design in a factorial treatment arrangement (2 ×2 + 1) with or without ractopamine supplementation, two forms of feeding, ad libitum and feed restriction with 1.04% lysine, and an additional treatment (control), with ad libitum feed without ractopamine with 0.8% lysine, amounting to five treatments and six replications. The final live weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion for 28 days were evaluated. There were improvements in supplementation with ractopamine for final live weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion. The ad libitum feeding improved both final live weight and daily weight gain compared with ractopamine. Compared with the control, there was a decrease in feed conversion with ractopamine supplementation and improvement for final weight (FW) in the treatment with the ractopamine and ad libitum feed. In experiment 2, 30 hybrid castrated male swine (74.1 ± 2.5 kg) were housed in metabolism cages and fed the same experimental treatments to evaluate the percentages of absorbed nitrogen (Nabs), retained nitrogen (Nret), nitrogen retained from the absorbed nitrogen (Nret/Nabs) and the plasma urea concentration at 14 and 28 days. At 14 days, there was an increase in the Nret/Nabs and plasma urea concentration with ractopamine supplementation. Compared with the control, there was a decrease in the plasma urea concentration for feed restriction with ractopamine. At 28 days, there was an increase in the Nret/Nabs with ractopamine supplementation. Thus supplementation with 5 ppm ractopamine improved the performance and efficiency of swine nitrogen use. Feed restriction interfered negatively in weight gain, but it improved the efficiency of the nitrogen use of barrows.