José Augusto de Freitas Lima

Características da carcaça e viabilidade econômica do uso de cloridrato de ractopamina para suínos em terminação com alimentação à vontade ou restrita

The objective of this research was to evaluate the supplementation of 5ppm of ractopamine (RAC), associated or not with feed restriction, on carcass characteristics on finishing pigs and the economic viability of its use. Thirty hybrid barrows (life weight of 107.2±6.2kg), receiving the experimental diets during 28 days before the slaughter. A randomized blocks design in factorial scheme 2 x 2 + 1 (with or without RAC in diets with 1.04% of total lysine; ad libitum or feed restriction of 15% and an additional treatment - control - ad libitum, without RAC containing 0.8% of lysine - standard diet), totalizing five treatments and six replicates. The addiction of RAC per se increased the loin eye area, the meat percentage, the carcass meat:fat ratio, the allowance index, the gross earnings and the production net earnings and decreased the animals backfat thickness. When associated with feed restriction, the RAC decreased the carcass fat percentage. Compared to standard diet, the RAC increased the carcass yield, the carcass meat percentage and the allowance index paid to the producer and decreased the backfat thickness. The RAC associated at the feed restriction decreased the fat carcass percentage and increased the carcass meat:fat ratio and the gross earnings. Thus, the supplementation with 5ppm of RAC, associated or no at the feed restriction, improves the carcass characteristics and the economic viability of production.

Composição química, vitreosidade e digestibilidade de diferentes híbridos de milho para suínos

Objetivou-se avaliar a composicao quimica, vitreosidade e valores nutricionais de diferentes hibridos de milho atraves de analises laboratoriais e de um ensaio de metabolismo com suinos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 24 suinos em fase de crescimento (35,6 Kg ±± 3,05 kg de PV) machos castrados mesticos (LD x LW), os quais foram mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de 6 racoes com os seguintes hibridos de milho: milho oleo (Moleo), milho QPM (MQPM), milho dentado (Mdent), milho semidentado (Msemi) e dois milhos duros (Mdur1) e (Mdur2). Os valores obtidos de vitreosidade, coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteina bruta (CDPB) e energia digestivel (ED) para Moleo, MQPM, Mdent, Msemi, Mdur1 e Mdur2 foram 78,5%; 71,7%; 57,2%; 68,2%; 75,9%; 82,8%; 81,68%; 80,14%; 82,35%; 69,71%; 76,98%; 75,61%; 3680; 3426; 3597; 3441; 3340 e 3469 Kcal/Kg, respectivamente. Foram observadas diferencas significativas (P<0,05) para os valores de vitreosidade, mostrando que os milhos de textura dura apresentam maior vitreosidade em relacao ao semidentado e ao dentado. Houve diferencas significativas no CDMS, CDPB e ED entre os milhos estudados (P<0,05), mostrando que o milho oleo (Moleo) e o dentado (Mdent) foram superiores aos demais. Em relacao ao nitrogenio retido (%NR), houve diferencas significativas (P<0,05) entre os milhos estudados. Para esta variavel os milhos dentado, QPM e alto oleo mostraram-se superiores aos milhos semidentado e os duros. Conclui-se que os milhos dentado, Moleo e MQPM foram superiores aos demais.

Adição de enzimas exôgenas para leitões dos 10 aos 30 kg de peso

Three experiments were carried out to study the performance and digestibility of nutrients and to determine the endogenous enzyme level in grouving swines fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes. The experimental diets consisted of corn, soybean meal, vitamins and minerals plus the addition of exogenous enzymes. The mixtures consisted of 25 g of exogenous enzyme per 100 kg of diet. The basic composition of the diets were 18.00% of crude protein (CP) and 3400 kcal/kg of digestible energy (DE). In the experiment 1, 160 crossbred piglets Landrace x Large White with 9.87±1.48 kg LW were allotted to five treatments (control or basal diet; BD + amylase; BD + lipase; BD + protease, and BD + a complex of amylase, lipase and protease) and eight replicates, and the studied characteristics were the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed:gain (F:G) with eight replicates. In the experiment 2, 20 piglets with 17.4±0.50 kg were maintained in metabolic cages and under controlled ambient. The studied characteristics were DE, metabolizable energy (ME), and crude protein digestibility (CPD). This experiment consisted of the five above treatments with two replicates. In the experiment 3, 30 piglets were used with the objective to study the level of endogenous digestible enzymes. The completely randomized block design was used in the three experiments. The results of the addition exogenous enzymes on ADFI, ADG. However, the addition of protease improved FC on a significant level. The results showed that the addition of exogenous enzymes also affected the CDCP, although no significant differences were observed on the digestibility of energy. The levels of endogenous enzymes were not influenced by the addition of exogenous enzymes; however, the animal weight affected the amylase and tripsin levels.

Ação da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biológica do fósforo, por intermédio da técnica de diluição isotópica, em dietas com farelo de arroz integral para suínos

RESUMO - Esta pesquisa foi realizada para determinar as perdas endogenas fecais de fosforo e a acao da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biologica do P nas racoes e no farelo integral de arroz (FAI), para suinos em crescimento, por meio da tecnica de diluicao isotopica. Os leitoes foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas dietas sem FAI (com ou sem 1250 FTU [Unidade de Atividade de Fitase]/kg racao), com 0,34% de P total, e outras duas com FAI (sem ou com 1250 FTU/kg racao), com 0,56% de P total. No 11o dia do experimento, foram aplicados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P. As perdas endogenas fecais nao foram influenciadas pela acao da fitase. A adicao de fitase reduziu o P total excretado nas fezes e melhorou a absorcao e a disponibilidade biologica do P das dietas com farelo de arroz integral.

Comparação entre os indicadores internos e o método de coleta total na determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alimentos volumosos, em eqüinos

Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar a precisao dos indicadores internos em relacao ao metodo de coleta total de fezes, para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em dietas, em equinos. Foram utilizados seis cavalos adultos sem raca definida e com idade media de sete anos. No primeiro ensaio, foram comparados os valores de digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de capim coast-cross, utilizando-se cinza insoluvel em HCl (CIA), cinza insoluvel em detergente acido (CIDA) e lignina, por intermedio do metodo de coleta total de fezes. No segundo ensaio, foi comparada, pelos dois metodos, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta composta de capim-elefante e feno de capim coast-cross. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, no qual cada cavalo constituiu o bloco, e os metodos de determinacao da digestibilidade, os tratamentos. Em ambos os ensaios, os resultados demonstraram que a CIA e CIDA foram eficientes como indicadores internos para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes do feno de capim coast-cross e da dieta composta de feno de capim coast-cross e capim-elefante. Nos cavalos alimentados com feno de capim coast-cross, a recuperacao media de CIA e CIDA nas fezes foi de 100,12 e 99,66%, respectivamente. Nos cavalos alimentados com feno de capim coast-cross e capim-elefante, a recuperacao foi de 101,32 e 96,33%, respectivamente. A lignina mostrou-se inadequada para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das dietas testadas.

Ractopamine and lysine levels on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

It was evaluated the effect of diets supplemented or not supplemented with ractopamine and digestible lysine on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 50 barrows and 50 gilts (90.2 kg ± 3.5 kg) were used. In the growth performance trial, a randomized block design was utilized in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of five levels of digestible lysine (0.68; 0.78; 0.88; 0.98 and 1.08%) and two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm), totaling ten diets and five replications. In a study of carcass characteristics, the same design and levels of lysine and ractopamine were used, but another factor (sex of animals- female and male) was included, totaling 20 treatments, each one with five replicates. Except for lysine daily intake, it was not observed effect of levels of digestible lysine. The supplementation with ractopamine improved daily weight gain and feed conversion but it did not affect the average feed intake. A greater loin depth and higher yield of carcass meat was obtained in gilts, regardless to supplementation with ractopamine, and also in the males fed ractopamine. The ractopamine improved the rib-eye area but it did not affect the yield and carcass length neither thickness of subcutaneous fat. The levels of digestible lysine did not affect carcass characteristics in either sex. It was found that sex had effect on backfat thickness, which was lower in the carcasses of gilts. The use of 5 ppm ractopamine improves animal performance and carcass characteristics of barrows. The level of 0.68% digestible lysine is sufficient for pigs of both sexes fed diets supplemented with or without ractopamine to show maximal performance and a good carcass composition.

Utilização de probiótico, prebiótico e simbiótico em rações de leitões ao desmame

Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito da suplementacao dietetica de probiotico, prebiotico e simbiotico sobre o desempenho de leitoes desmamados aos 23 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 96 leitoes mesticos desmamados aos 23 dias de idade, com peso medio de 7,40 kg, utilizando-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, seis repeticoes e quatro leitoes por unidade experimental, para se avaliar o desempenho durante o periodo de 35 dias. As dietas foram isoproteicas e isoenergeticas, formuladas a base de milho, farelo de soja e leite em po modificado, adicionadas de: antibiotico, probiotico, prebiotico ou simbiotico. As dietas foram formuladas para atender as exigencias dos leitoes segundo NRC (1998). Observou-se que os aditivos testados nao influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso, consumo de racao e conversao alimentar. Conclui-se que a inclusao de probiotico, prebiotico ou simbiotico na alimentacao de leitoes desmamados aos 23 dias de idade proporcionou desempenho semelhante ao obtido com antibiotico.

Redução do nível de proteína bruta da ração com suplementação de aminoácidos sintéticos para leitões na fase inicial

The effects of reducing dietary CP and soybean meal levels on performance, N excretion, organs weight and diarrhea incident were evaluated in pigs supplemented with amino acids. The diets contained four levels of CP (21.0, 19.5, 18.0, and 16.5%) and were supplemented with synthetic amino acid (lysine, metionine and treonine). In experiment I, eight crossbred (LD x LW) castrated males (initial weight = 22 kg) were individually allotted to a randomized block design, with split plot arrangement to determine N balance. No significant changes in amount of N ingested and excreted in the feces were observed among the treatments. However, the treatments linearly decreased N excreted in the urine, as dietary CP decreased. In experiment II, 60 pigs (initial weight = 8.5 kg) were assigned to a randomized blocks design with 4 x 3 factorial arrangement (four diets and three slaughter ages), with five blocks and one animal per unit experimental, to evaluate the relative weights of liver, spleen and pancreas and intestinal morfometry during the first three post weaning weeks. No significant differences on these parameters were observed across the treatments, whereas crypt depth changed in the first post weaning week, that showed cubic effect. In experiment III, 60 animals (initial weight = 8,0 kg) were allotted to a randomized blocks design, with five blocks and three animals per experimental unit, to evaluate the performance and diarrhea incidence. No significant differences on these parameters were observed across the treatments. Pigs fed diet with 16.5% CP showed decreasing diarrhea incidence. Reducing the dietary CP levels from 21 to 16.5% for pigs in the nursery phase decreased N excretion in the urine and diarrhea incidence with no changes on performance and physiologic parameters of piglets from 8 to 25 kg BW.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos dos 20 aos 50kg recebendo rações com reduzido teor de proteína bruta e diferentes níveis de lisina digestível verdadeira

The objective of this research was to evaluate the different levels of true digestible lysine (TDL) in diets with reduced crude protein (CP) level through to performance and carcass characteristics of pigs from 20 to 50kg. Forty barrows with high performance (initial weight of 22.50±1.4kg and final of 47.8±3.4kg), distributed in randomized block design with five treatments (four levels of TDL - 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3% - in 14% CP diets - and a control treatment, formulated in accordance to Brazilian Tables, with 1.03% of TDL and 18% CP) and four replications during 31 days were utilized. There were no differences (P>0.05) between levels of TDL in diets with 14% CP for average daily gain; however, just the level of 0.7% of TDL was different of control treatment. There was no difference (P>0.05) on feed intake, but there was crescent linear effect (P 0.05) to backfat thickness. It was conclude that the level of 1.1% TDL in diets with reduced CP increase carcass yield without to modify the performance.

Comparação da técnica do saco de náilon móvel com o método de coleta total para determinar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alimentos volumosos em eqüinos

Two assays were carried out to evaluate the precision of the mobile nylon bag technique in relation to the total collection method, to estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients of the forages in equines. Six adult crossbred horses averaging seven years old were used. In first assay, the values of digestibility of the nutrients of coast-cross hay were compared using the mobile nylon bag technique with sample ground at three different granulometries with the total feces collection. In the second assay, the two methods were compared to estimate the digestibility using elephant grass as the feed test. The disappearance of the nutrients of coast-cross hay and elephant grass samples ground at three different granulometries after washing of the bags in water was evaluated in laboratory. A randomized block design was used where each horse made up the block and digestibility determining methods, the treatments. The results showed that for the coast-cross hay, the mobile nylon bag tecnique with sample ground at 1mm is a good method to estimate the apparent digestibility of DM, GE and hemicellulose. For the elephant grass, the sample ground at 5 mm is precise to estimate the apparent digestibility of DM, GE and NDF. The grind at 1mm of the coast-cross hay and elephant grass samples provided the greatest loss of particles from the nylon bags after washing in water.