Yanko Marcius de Alencar Xavier

The Evolution of Brazilian Oil, Gas and Biofuel Industry Regulations

This chapter aims to present the main points of the Brazilian oil, gas and biofuel industry regulation evolution. The first legislative provisions aimed at regulating the oil industry emerged in the period of imperial Brazil, reaching truly consecration in the legal system at the first part of the twentieth century. At that time, the oil production was an activity strictly monopolized by the state; however, this monopoly came to be more flexible, and that is how it is nowadays. Regarding the natural gas industry, the history is pretty much the same because its legislation emerged as appendices of the oil industry regulation system. At the beginning, the gas used was manufactured from coal, and its main application was to provide electricity for the city. In fact, the birth and development of the natural gas industry in Brazil are recent. With the oil crisis came the development of the biofuel legislative regulatory system, considering biofuels as a potential substitute for fossil fuels, but until these days, there has been no great expansion in their use, despite Brazil’s potential for renewable energy sources. Besides the Federal Constitution and the specific sector rules, oil, natural gas and biofuel industries are regulated by the Oil Law (Federal Law No. 9478/1997).

Regulation of the Oil Industry According to the Brazilian Oil Law

This chapter aims to address the organization and functioning of the exploitation system of oil in Brazil, concerning the domain of the upstream petroleum industry. On this context, it will be demonstrated the evolution of the exploitation system of oil in Brazil with the flexibility of the monopoly afforded by the Constitutional Amendment 09/1995 and by the Oil Law (Federal Law No. 9.478/1997); the role of the Regulatory Agency that operates in the industry, the ANP and its relationship with the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) and with the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME); the modal regulatory of the oil industry, showing how occurs the bidding of the exploration blocks, the operation of the concession contract, its characteristics and operating mode, as well as the other contractual forms in the petroleum industry; in this chapter, there are also highlights of the rents earned by Brazil due to the exploitation of oil, showing the signature bonus, the royalties, the special participation and the payment for the occupation or retention area, demonstrating the economic gains of the Brazilian state with those taxes.

The Regulation of Oil and Gas Industry Concerning Exploration and Production in Presalt Layer

The present chapter aims to study the changes in Brazilian legal system concerning the oil and gas exploration and production in presalt layer. First, it analyzes the social, political, and economic factors that have arose initiatives in order to introduce a new regulatory framework for the presalt layer. Second, the chapter studies this new regulatory framework in a comparative way with the old one by focusing on the following topics: regulatory jurisdiction, bidding and contract system, and royalty payments. As a result, the new legislation concerning the presalt layer shows a more state-centric profile since Brazilian State has more powers to enforce a planning to the sector and more revenues concerning oil and gas production. However, this does not mean that the oil and gas industry in Brazil has returned to be a state-owned monopoly since the activities in general remain opened to be explored by private companies and the concession system is kept for nonpresalt layer areas.

Biofuel Regulation in Brazil

In this chapter, a general view about biofuel regulation in Brazil is provided. Unlike oil and gas sectors, Brazilian biofuel sector has no legislation that deals with biofuels in general. The legislation is fragmented and related to a specific kind of biofuels rather than the biofuels per se. This situation is due both to historical reasons (the arising of biofuel industry in Brazil) and to market reasons (competition with gasoline and diesel). Thus, the Brazilian legislation is the regulation of two kinds of biofuels: biodiesel and ethanol. The study shows the general rules applied to biofuels but deserves a special focus on biodiesel and ethanol legislation. As a result, Brazilian legislation provides more instruments to promote biofuels as a complementary fuel to the market than a standalone product to compete with diesel and gasoline.

OS PROBLEMAS DA PROTEÇÃO JURÍDICA DA LEI DE SOFTWARE E AS ALTERNATIVAS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO

O presente artigo busca verificar os problemas praticos da protecao juridica, e exercicio de tal protecao, dos programas de computador, por meio de uma analise dos conceitos de mercado trabalhados nas areas da tecnologia da informacao, gestao fiscal e financeira e no Direito. Estabelece-se como objetivo do Direito de Propriedade Intelectual o Desenvolvimento, em seu conceito mais amplo de desenvolvimento economico e social dentro de um meio ambiente complexo. Encontra-se entao um setor onde ha uma multiplicidade de conceitos e tratamentos juridicos para o mesmo bem, onde a lei que se propoes a regular o setor e ineficiente ao tratar do software como um mero texto literario, olvidando-se do seu objetivo enquanto produto de mercado. Analisa-se os tres principais conceitos de software como produto, servico ou obra literaria, elegendo-se, de forma fundamentada, o software como produto como a opcao correta. A partir dessa conceituacao, foi estabelecido um sistema de protecao alternativo, mas ja existente e comprovadamente de uma maior eficacia em termos de proporcionar o desenvolvimento.

O IMPACTO DA LEI DE INOVAÇÃO NA PESQUISA E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TECNOLOGIAS: ANÁLISE DOS DADOS DE PROSPECÇÃO

O objetivo deste documento e uma analise juridica da inovacao e seu conceito no sistema juridico brasileiro. Busca-se para tal estabelecer o conceito juridico do termo inovacao. Para tanto analisa-se a lei de inovacao, Lei no 10973 de 2004, para buscar o conceito mais atual e estabelecer sua protecao juridica. Apos definir o conceito de inovacao para o direito, busca-se sua protecao constitucional, tomando como limite e parâmetro para o exercicio de tal direito a funcao social da propriedade intelectual. Definida tal funcao, mostra-se de que forma o direito preve uma intervencao em caso de desobediencia. Por fim, objetiva-se testar a eficacia legal da Lei da Inovacao, por meio da analise de dados de prospeccao de tecnologias, comparando os pedidos da PETROBRAS, industria utilizada como base, dos demais sujeitos residentes no Brasil que depositaram pedidos de patente e dos dados pertinentes aos sujeitos nao residentes.