Paweł Daszkiewicz

Modification of a Hybrid City Bus Powertrain in the Aspect of Lower Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions

In this paper the authors present the methodology and results of exhaust emissions and energy consumption tests of an 18-meter city bus fitted with a serial hybrid drive. During the tests, parameters of the engine operation, capacitor charging level and exhaust emissions were recorded. The tests were performed under actual conditions of the bus operation in city traffic on a regular bus route. The testing cycles were conducted twice on the same vehicle. The first cycle was performed on the bus with the original configuration and the second one - on the optimized engine and drivetrain. The paper presents the results of the conducted investigations and a comparison that tells us whether the optimization changes have a positive influence on the vehicle reducing its energy consumption and exhaust emissions.

The environmental and social costs of the intermodal transport of semi-trailers by rail

The dynamic development of transport recorded in recent decades is an important factor in the economic development of the world on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is a significant source of nuisance and environmental problems. The adverse impact of transport can be felt both in the natural environment and in society, where the dynamic development of this sector has enabled significant civilization development, with the effects varying depending on the level of economic development, the degree of advancement and use of the various transport sectors, geographical location (including climate), and also the sensitivity of the elements of the environment. Considering contemporary transport hazards, it is important to prevent them from occurring, and when that is not possible – limiting their impact on the environment and reducing the scale and extent of negative impacts. In the article, the environmental and social nuisance of transport of goods loaded in semitrailers was analysed. The transport of semitrailers using intermodal wagons pulled by the diesel locomotive in accordance with the assumptions adopted in the railway with the maximum length of train composition was taken into account.

POSSIBILITY OF REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS FOR EXAMPLE ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Development of road transport is now subjected to numerous constraints related to reachability exhaustive sources of liquid fuels and the associated increase in their prices. In addition, restrictions on emissions tend for quickly change the drives with an internal combustion powered petroleum products for electric cars in the near future. Compared to the conventional internal combustion engine, full electric cars driven on European roads appear as environmental winners for the next decades in terms of environmental protection. The article draws attention to the growing increase in CO2 emissions over the years until 2050. Forecasts by 2050, it is estimated that environmentally friendly vehicles will probably reduce the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere comes from cars. The article shows that the speaking of electric vehicles in terms of ecology should take into account the emissivity of the vehicle together to produce a current, and not only the emission of the vehicle from tan to wheel. In the article dealt with directions of development electric sector model in the context of the year 2050. It presents three scenarios that involve the reduction of CO2 emissions, which directly translates into lower fuel consumption.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Heating Systems Applied in City Buses

The paper presents energy saving opportunities in by analyzing two types of auxiliary heating systems. Objects of study were two heaters differing in power requirements and fuel consumption (used for water heating system). The heaters were installed in city buses of the same layout and identical convector heaters fitted for optimum temperature of the vehicle interior and the engine. Through the use of a portable device SEMTECH DS (PEMS) the exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, CO2 were measured. The testing of the heaters for emissions and the testing of the temperature distribution inside the vehicle were performed in stationary conditions, determining the impact of the heating on the energy consumption of the heaters and temperature comfort inside the vehicle. The measurements were performed for each vehicle at the same ambient temperature, which was about 10°C [2, 3, 5]. So that the temperature increase inside the vehicle could be compared the tested vehicles were conditioned before the measurement. The obtained temperature distributions were determined along with a relative increase in the temperature in the vehicle interiors heated by the tested objects. The temperature measurement was performed with the use of six thermocouples utilizing a signal converter - IOTECH PERSONAL DAQ 3000.

Ecological Research of Ownership Drive Train in the Real Traffic with the Engine Parameters Registration

The paper discusses the issues related to the measurement of the operating parameters of a conventional engine and the parameters of a conventional bus in motion. The measurements were performed under actual traffic conditions of a city bus in Poznan. It is noteworthy that on-road tests under actual operating conditions are one of the main trends of the development of the testing methodology and are gradually gaining in importance. Specific conditions were selected to ensure the highest possible reflection of the actual conditions: the traffic similar to the traffic typical of a regular bus route (average traffic on Poznan routes). The tests were performed in the city traffic on a route similar to the actual bus routes of the Poznan bus operator. The tests were conducted for two days (Friday and Saturday), characteristic of very high and very low number of transported people respectively as well as high and medium traffic congestion. During the tests the engine and the driving parameters were recorded continuously as sent from the diagnostic system of the vehicle and the GPS. Based on the exhaust emission level characteristics of the bus fitted with the conventional powertrain the share of the emissions was determined depending on the engine parameters as well as the driving parameters during the whole test. The operating range of the vehicle was within the speeds of 016 m/s (0-60 km/h) and accelerations of 0,3 m/s20,3 m/s2. A great share of the vehicle operation in the urban traffic was at idle (the share amounts to 33%) while for higher speed ranges of 814 m/s the operating time-share was approximately 20%. The authors also performed an analysis of the changes of the exhaust emissions under dynamic conditions depending on the speed of the bus.

The Comparison of the Exhaust Emissions from an Agricultural Tractor and a Truck

The paper discusses the issues of exhaust emissions from farm tractors most frequently used for transport of loads. Transport is an integral part of food manufacturing at almost every stage of the product life cycle. Ready-to-eat food very often needs processing; it often incorporates transport of half products to appropriate facilities. The transport between the processing facilities and the distribution of food products is carried out by typical road vehicles i.e. heavy and light trucks. In the case of agricultural produce it is very often the farm tractors with appropriate trailer sets that are used for transport. The paper presents a comparison of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a farm tractor and a truck. The tests were performed under actual operating conditions in real traffic. For the tests the authors used PEMS equipment (Semtech by Sensors). Both vehicles covered the same route with the same load.