Alexandre Barbosa de Oliveira

Las dictaduras de Vargas y Franco: implicaciones de la consagración de la maternidad para la enfermería

ThisstudyaimedtodescribethehistoricalandsocialcharacteristicsofBrazilandSpainwithinthecontextoftheVargas� andFrancodictatorialregimesandanalyzerepresentationsaboutmaternitytherein,�aswellastheirimplicationsfornursing.�This� historicalandsocialstudycontemplatedBrazilianandSpanishwrittendocumentsmethodasitsprimarysources.�Datawascollected� from May 13 th to August 29 th ,�2008.�Dataanalysisincludedtheorganizationandclassificationstagesoftheprimarysourcesselected.� Asaresult,�itbecameclearthattheglorificationofwomenfortheirphysicalvirtues,�suchasmaternity,�andfortheirmoralattributes� legitimatedtheirhonorableinsertioninthepublicarena.�Thus,�asnurses,�theyweretoreproducethefemininequalitiesnecessaryfor� careinthissamearena.�Theconclusionistheconsecrationofmotherhoodhasdeterminedpossibilitiesandlimitsfornurse. DESCRIPTORS:�Nursing.�Historyofnursing.�Obstetricalnursing.�Womenshealthy.

Enfermeiras brasileiras na retaguarda da Segunda Guerra Mundial: repercussões dessa participação

The objectives of this social-historical study were to describe the circumstances of the mobilization and of the demobilization of Brazilian nurses who acted in the Second World War, as well as to discuss the symbolic efficiency of their participation in the military field. Written documents collected in the historical civil and military archives of Rio de Janeiro; an interview carried out with a nurse who acted in the Expeditionary Brazilian Force; and photography from the Expeditionary Brazilian Force`s Library were used as sources of data. The findings, classified, analyzed, and contextualized within the Social World Theory of Pierre Bourdieu, evidenced that female participation in the war in the condition of military nurses at the time which represented the occupation of a space ratified by power delegates contributed to consecrate women’s insertion into public spaces previously dedicated to men, even in the rearguard. DESCRIPTORS Nursing. History of nursing. Military nursing. World War II. ENFERMERAS BRASILENAS EN LA RETAGUARDIA DE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL: LAS REPERCUSIONES DE ESA PARTICIPACION RESUMEN: Es una investigacion de caracter historico-social, cuyos objetivos fueron describir las circunstancias de la movilizacion y desmovilizacion de las enfermeras brasilenas que trabajaron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y discutir sobre la eficacia simbolica de la participacion de esas enfermeras en el ejercito. Se utilizaron como fuentes de datos: los documentos escritos, recogidos en archivos historicos civiles y militares de Rio de Janeiro; entrevista con una enfermera que trabajo en la Fuerza Expedicionaria Brasilena; ademas de una fotografia perteneciente al Acervo de la Fuerza Expedicionaria Brasilena. Los resultados, clasificados, contextualizados y analizados de acuerdo con la Teoria del Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu, mostraron que la participacion de mujeres en la guerra, en calidad de enfermeras militares, al mismo tiempo que represento la presencia en un espacio homologado por representantes del poder, tambien contribuyo para consagrar la insercion de mujeres en espacios publicos consagrados a los hombres, aunque en la retaguardia. DESCRIPTORES: Enfermeria. Historia de la enfermeria. Enfermeria militar. II Guerra Mundial.Estudo historico-social, cujos objetivos foram descrever as circunstâncias da mobilizacao e da desmobilizacao das enfermeiras brasileiras que atuaram na Segunda Guerra Mundial, e discutir a eficacia simbolica da participacao dessas enfermeiras no campo militar. Utilizou-se como fontes de dados os documentos escritos coletados em arquivos historicos civis e militares do Rio de Janeiro; entrevista realizada com uma enfermeira que atuou na Forca Expedicionaria Brasileira; alem de uma fotografia pertencente ao Acervo da Forca Expedicionaria Brasileira. Os achados, classificados, contextualizados e analisados a luz da Teoria do Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu, evidenciaram que a participacao de mulheres na guerra, na condicao de enfermeiras militares, ao tempo em que representou a ocupacao de um espaco homologado por mandatarios do poder, tambem contribuiu para consagrar a insercao de mulheres em espacos publicos consagrados aos homens, ainda que na retaguarda.

Entre ganhos e perdas simbólicas: a (des) mobilização das enfermeiras que atuaram na Segunda Guerra Mundial

Estudo historico-social. Objetivos: descrever as circunstâncias que ensejaram a mobilizacao e a desmobilizacao do primeiro grupamento feminino de enfermagem do Exercito que atuou no Servico de Saude da Forca Expedicionaria Brasileira durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e analisar os efeitos simbolicos advindos da atuacao deste grupamento. As fontes primarias constituiram-se de depoimentos orais, documentos escritos e/ou oficiais, jornais da epoca e biografias. As secundarias foram compostas do acervo bibliografico existente sobre a referida tematica. Os achados foram iluminados pelos conceitos de habitus e campo do sociologo Pierre Bourdieu, que evidenciaram ganhos e perdas simbolicas processadas por ocasiao da mobilizacao e da desmobilizacao destas voluntarias para a guerra. Conclui-se que das lutas simbolicas travadas, as enfermeiras acabaram sofrendo os reflexos da dominacao masculina orquestrada no contexto politico-social do Brasil a epoca, o que trouxe como consequencia a (re) atualizacao de seu habitus.Resumen

Participação americana na formação de um modelo de enfermeira na sociedade brasileira na década de 1920

The objectives of this historical-social study are: to describe the circumstances that determined the participation of North American nurses in the formation of the Brazilian nurse; and analyse the process of implementing institutional rituals as a strategy of symbolic fight, to confer visibility to the nurse profession and discuss the symbolic effects of institutional rituals for the consecration of a nurse model for Brazilian society at the time. The primary sources are constituted of pertaining written and photographic documents relative to the studied theme. By reading the documentary corpus an analysis was made of the symbols that had distinguished and established the hierarchies of the actions, as well as the strategies undertaken for the North American nurses, towards implementing a new model of nurses in Brazilian society, coherent with the model of the North American schools of nursing. Institutional rituals, conducted or testified by prestigious figures of the history of Brazil and nursing, were fundamental for the construction of professional identity.The objectives of this historical-social study are: to describe the circumstances that determined the participation of North American nurses in the formation of the Brazilian nurse; and analyse the process of implementing institutional rituals as a strategy of symbolic fight, to confer visibility to the nurse profession and discuss the symbolic effects of institutional rituals for the consecration of a nurse model for Brazilian society at the time. The primary sources are constituted of pertaining written and photographic documents relative to the studied theme. By reading the documentary corpus an analysis was made of the symbols that had distinguished and established the hierarchies of the actions, as well as the strategies undertaken for the North American nurses, towards implementing a new model of nurses in Brazilian society, coherent with the model of the North American schools of nursing. Institutional rituals, conducted or testified by prestigious figures of the history of Brazil and nursing, were fundamental for the construction of professional identity.

Implantação da reforma psiquiátrica no município de volta redonda: implicações para a enfermagem

The object of this was intervention in the Brazilian Assisted Living Home Casa de Saude Volta Redonda and their implications for psychiatric nursing. The historical sources are constituted of written and oral documents. The data was organized, categorized, and analyzed according to the historical method, with the support from habitus concepts and the field of Pierre Bourdieu, as well as literature on Brazilian psychiatric reform. The changes in Mental Health policies have required new practices and attitudes consonant with the psychiatric reform implementation process in that municipality, based on the pillar of inserting the psychiatric patient back into the community and reclaiming their citizenship. These measures were part of a broader partisan political project, with accumulated experience in other Brazilian municipalities. Nursing gained positions of power and visibility, able to ensure their participation in different decision-making arenas in the local field of psychiatric assistance. DESCRIPTORS: Nursing. History of nursing. Psychiatric nursing

A Ditadura Varguista no Brasil (1937-1945) e o Primer Franquismo na Espanha (1939-1945): poder e contra-poder das enfermeiras

Estudio historico y social que tuvo como objetivos describir las principales caracteristicas de las dictaduras de Vargas y de Franco, y analizar sus implicaciones para la institucionalizacion de la enfermeria en Brasil y en Espana. Fueran usadas como fuentes documentos escritos localizados en archivos historicos brasilenos y espanoles, ademas de la literatura relativa al tema. El analisis de los datos, apoyada por los conceptos de la Teoria del Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu, evidencio que, en Brasil y en Espana, en el que se referia a la division social del trabajo, el punto de encuentro entre Iglesia y Estado consistia en la reclusion de la mujer en el espacio privado. Concluye-se que las cualidades femeninas fueron capitalizadas por las enfermeras para legitimaren su actuacion en el espacio publico, aun que para reproducir en ese espacio, consentido por el Estado y por la Iglesia, ocupaciones adecuadas a la feminidad.This is a historical and social study, which aimed to describe the main characteristics of the Vargas and Franco dictatorships, and to analyze the implications of these to the institutionalization of nursing in Brazil and Spain. As fonts, it was used written documents located in the historical Brazilian and Spanish archives, in addition to the literature on the subject. Data analysis, supported by concepts of Pierre Bourdieus World Social Theory, showed that, in Brazil and Spain, in referring to the social division of labor, the meeting point between Church and the State was the seclusion of women in private space. It is concluded that the feminine qualities were capitalized by the nurses to legitimize their actions in public space, even to reproduce in that space, consented to by the State and Church, occupations appropriate to femininity.

[American participation in the creation of a nurse model in Brazilian society in the 1920's].

The objectives of this historical-social study are: to describe the circumstances that determined the participation of North American nurses in the formation of the Brazilian nurse; and analyse the process of implementing institutional rituals as a strategy of symbolic fight, to confer visibility to the nurse profession and discuss the symbolic effects of institutional rituals for the consecration of a nurse model for Brazilian society at the time. The primary sources are constituted of pertaining written and photographic documents relative to the studied theme. By reading the documentary corpus an analysis was made of the symbols that had distinguished and established the hierarchies of the actions, as well as the strategies undertaken for the North American nurses, towards implementing a new model of nurses in Brazilian society, coherent with the model of the North American schools of nursing. Institutional rituals, conducted or testified by prestigious figures of the history of Brazil and nursing, were fundamental for the construction of professional identity.The objectives of this historical-social study are: to describe the circumstances that determined the participation of North American nurses in the formation of the Brazilian nurse; and analyse the process of implementing institutional rituals as a strategy of symbolic fight, to confer visibility to the nurse profession and discuss the symbolic effects of institutional rituals for the consecration of a nurse model for Brazilian society at the time. The primary sources are constituted of pertaining written and photographic documents relative to the studied theme. By reading the documentary corpus an analysis was made of the symbols that had distinguished and established the hierarchies of the actions, as well as the strategies undertaken for the North American nurses, towards implementing a new model of nurses in Brazilian society, coherent with the model of the North American schools of nursing. Institutional rituals, conducted or testified by prestigious figures of the history of Brazil and nursing, were fundamental for the construction of professional identity.

Condecorações de guerra como investidura de bens simbólicos às ex-enfermeiras febianas

Estudio historico y social. Objetivos: Describir el ritual que envuelve otorgar la Medalla de la Campana para algunas enfermeras brasilenas que actuaron en el Servicio de Salud de la Forca Expedicionaria Brasileira durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y analizar los efectos simbolicos de este ritual para el reconocimiento social de estas enfermeras. El analisis del corpus documental fue realizado mediante la lectura y analisis de una fotografia, vinculada con los documentos escritos y la bibliografia referente al contexto en que la misma fue producida. Los hallazgos fueron impregnados por la Teoria del Mundo Social de Pierre Bourdieu. El estudio evidencio que la presencia de enfermeras en un espacio misogino, al recibir una medalla de honra, consagro su aparicion en un espacio publico tradicionalmente ocupados por hombres, contribuyendo para la divulgacion de la imagen de la enfermera militar

The nurses of the Brazilian expeditionary force and the dissemination of their return home

This historical-social study aimed to examine the symbolic elements that express the hierarchizing division between the male and female, contained in newspaper reports published about the return home of the nurses who worked in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force’s Health Service, and to discuss the symbolic effects these reports produced. The historical sources of the study, consisting of photographic, written and oral documents, were classified and analyzed in the light of Pierre Bourdieu’s Social Theory and Michelle Perrot’s studies on Women’s History. The research revealed that the way the news reports about the arrival of these nurses to Brazil were disseminated represented the reproduction of a symbolic strategy to enforce political and social interests in force, and that contained the ideas about the hierarchizing division of the social world into male and female.This historical-social study aimed to examine the symbolic elements that express the hierarchizing division between the male and female, contained in newspaper reports published about the return home of the nurses who worked in the Brazilian Expeditionary Forces Health Service, and to discuss the symbolic effects these reports produced. The historical sources of the study, consisting of photographic, written and oral documents, were classified and analyzed in the light of Pierre Bourdieus Social Theory and Michelle Perrots studies on Womens History. The research revealed that the way the news reports about the arrival of these nurses to Brazil were disseminated represented the reproduction of a symbolic strategy to enforce political and social interests in force, and that contained the ideas about the hierarchizing division of the social world into male and female.

Discursos sobre os modelos de enfermagem e de enfermeira psiquiátrica nos Annaes de Enfermagem (1933-1951)

Social-historical study aimed at discussing the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, from the discourses published in the Annals of Nursing.The historical sources were articles published in the Annals of Nursing journal, from 1933 to 1951. An analysis of the discourse was subsidized by the genealogy of power by Michel Foucault.The analysis showed that the discourse on nursing and the psychiatric nurse, in the first half of the 20th century, is set, on one side, by the propositions used by psychiatrists, who sought to reiterate stereotypes and vocations to practice nursing, and, on the other side, by the active participation of nurses seeking to legitimize expertise for psychiatric nursing. It was concluded that the discourses analyzed defined a psychiatric care focused on the nurse and not the rest of the nursing staff, at that time.