Aureliano José Vieira Pires

Associação entre aditivos químicos e bacterianos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar

This trial was conducted to evaluate the sugar cane silage treated with chemical additive (urea-1.5%, sodium benzoate-0.1%, and sodium hydroxide-1.0%), associated with control, and two bacterial inoculants (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus buchneri), in a factorial scheme (4 x 3), and three replications per treatment. It was evaluated the nutritive value of the sugar cane treated with different additive combinations, before and after ensilage. The association of the P. acidipropionici or L. buchneri with NaOH, compared to the control resulted in better preservation of DM (32.2 and 33.5%, compared to 27.4%, respectively), and preserved the NDF (53.4; 55.7% versus 75.3%), ADF (39.5, 44.3% versus 48.7%), lignin (6.6, 7.1% versus 8.1%), and NFC (33.8, 31.7% versus 14.9%), resulting in higher true in vitro DM digestibility (60.3, 63.2% versus 35.1%). The observed values could be associated to the yeast control due to the associative additive effects. In general, it is possible to conclude that sugar cane ensilage process require an efficient additive utilization.

Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos

The experiment was carried out to evaluate sugar cane silage treated with chemical additive: urea 1.5%, sodium benzoate 0.1%, and sodium hydroxide 1.0% on the wet basis, associated with Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri, plus control silage in a factorial scheme 4 x 3, with three replications. The gas and effluents losses during the fermentation phase, and dry matter recovery were determined. During the aerobic phase were determined the dry matter recovery and aerobic stability through the temperature variation. The Lactobacillus buchneri and NaOH association reduced gas and effluent losses and increased the dry matter recovery. At the aerobic phase, the sodium benzoate maintained the pH values, with changes of 0.1 unit during five days. The time to temperature elevation increased from 34 hours on the control silage to 54.0 and 50.0 hours, respectively on the silage inoculated with Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus buchneri. The sugar cane silage production required an efficient additive inclusion which can control the quantitative losses during the fermentation and aerobic phases.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais de duas espécies de braquiária adubadas com diferentes doses de nitrogênio

The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha and decumbens submitted to different nitrogen doses (N). The experiment was carried in a greenhouse. The treatments consisted of four N doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg/dm3 of N) and two grasses (Brachiaria brizantha and decumbens). Nitrogen fertilization was subdivided into three applications. A completely randomized block experimental design with five repetitions was used. For the morphogenetic and structural characteristics, the daily foliar structure emergence, total number of leaves and number of tillers per B. decumbens plant was higher for B. brizantha. However, for phyllochron, the daily foliar prolongation and life duration of the B. brizantha leaf were higher. B. decumbens and brizantha responded increasingly up to 190 mg/dm3 of nitrogen in relation to the majority the available characteristics. The process senescence is accelerated with increase of the nitrogen doses, reducing the life duration of leaves.The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha and decumbens submitted to different nitrogen doses (N). The experiment was carried in a greenhouse. The treatments consisted of four N doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg/dm3 of N) and two grasses (Brachiaria brizantha and decumbens). Nitrogen fertilization was subdivided into three applications. A completely randomized block experimental design with five repetitions was used. For the morphogenetic and structural characteristics, the daily foliar structure emergence, total number of leaves and number of tillers per B. decumbens plant was higher for B. brizantha. However, for phyllochron, the daily foliar prolongation and life duration of the B. brizantha leaf were higher. B. decumbens and brizantha responded increasingly up to 190 mg/dm3 of nitrogen in relation to the majority the available characteristics. The process senescence is accelerated with increase of the nitrogen doses, reducing the life duration of leaves.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-tanzânia submetido a doses de fósforo e nitrogênio

The experiment was accomplished in a greenhouse from May to August of 2005, with the objective of to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on morphogenetic and structural characteristicas of Tanzania grass. The morphogenetic evaluations included leaf appearance, leaf elongation rate, and stem elongation rate. The structural evaluations measurements were: number of leaves, number of green leaves, number of tillers per plant, and final leaf length. It was used a complete randomized experimental design in 4 x 2 factorial scheme, being four phosphorus doses (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg of P2O5/ha) and two doses of nitrogen (0 and 100 kg of N/ha), with four replicates. It was utilized pots with 6.3 liters capacity each, leaving four plants per pot after staging. The N and P combination affected leaf elongation rate, stem elongation rate, number of tillers per plant, and number of green leaves per tillers. Nitrogen supply had a positive effect on leaf appearance rate, number of leaves, and final leaf length of tanzaniagrass. The majority of the studied variables were affected by the use of phosphorus when associated to N fertilization.

Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de cacau

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets containing cocoa meal. Sixteen Santa Ines female sheep, no-pregnant, no-lactating, averaging 25 kg of body weight and 12 months of age, maintained in individual barns were used. The cocoa meal was fed in the concentrate at the levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30%, and as forage was cassava aerial part hay. The diets were offered in total mixed ration, in 50:50 forage:concentrate ratio. Feeding, ruminating and idle times obtained in 24 hours of observation were similar; however, animals that consumed diets with higher cocoa meal levels, over 14.8% of substitution in the concentrate, reduced the number of ruminated boli per day, which was balanced by the increase of chewing time per bolus. Dry matter (DM) intake, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and feeding efficiency (g DM and NDF/hours) were not influenced by cocoa meal levels of animal diets. However, this feed promoted alterations in rumination efficiency (g DM and NDF/bolus). The ruminating chewing number per ruminated bolus linearly increased while chewing number per day showed quadratic behavior, with maximum estimated value of 42,818.4 daily chewing for 16.9% cocoa meal level. Although no difference was observed for DM and NDF (kg/day) intake, cocoa meal inclusion to Santa Ines sheep diet affected some ingestive behavior parameters.

Farelo de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) e torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) na alimentação de cabras em lactação: consumo e produção de leite

The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with cocoa meal (CF) or palm kernel cake (PKC) in the concentrate on milk intake and yield of goats were evaluated. Five Saanen goats, averaging 2 kg daily milk yield at 60 days of lactation, were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square experimental design. The experiment lasted 14 days, with 10 days for adaptation period and four days for sample collection. Diets contained: 36% of roughage (corns silage) and 64% of concentrate, dry matter basis, formulated toyield 13.2% of crude protein. The treatments were as follows: 0, 15 and 30% CF or PKC, all with concentrate (corn and soybean meal). Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates and nonfiber carbohydrates intakes decreased as affected by the highest replacement level (30% CF). No significant differences on neutral detergent fiber and ether extract intake were observed. Acid detergent fiber intake differed only between 30% PKC and 30% CF-based diets, with 0.94 and 0.59% body weight, respectively. The 30% CF-based diet showed lower milk production value, as kg/dia (1.208 kg), but similar to 30% PKC-based diet, when corrected for 3.5% fat. Replacing corn and soybean with CF and PKC in the diet of lactating goats is viable up to 9.13 and 18.81% dry matter, respectively.

Nutritive value of elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage with different levels of coffee hulls

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of coffee hulls (0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.1, and 34.8 kg/100 kg of fresh forage) on the bromatologic composition and IVDMD of elephantgrass silage. Fifteen plastic silos measuring .25 of diameter x .75 of height were used. In the ensiling process the forage received a pressure of 550 kg/m³. The results showed that the percentage of dry matter increased linearly with increasing of coffee hulls. It was estimated an increasing of .54% for each unit of coffee hulls added. The pH value was inferior for silage with coffee hulls. It was estimated a minimum value of 3.78 for the level 26.87% of coffee hulls. The content of CP of the silage without coffee hulls (8.9%) was inferior to (11.1%) found in the fresh forage and silages with coffee hulls. The IVDMD value was reduced according to crescent levels of coffee hulls. It was estimated a decreasing of .14% for each unit of coffee hulls added. It is possible to conclude that the addition of coffee hulls on level of 17.4 kg of coffee hulls/100 kg of fresh forage showed be a good additive for ensiling elephantgrass with high moisture content.One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of coffee hulls (0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.1, and 34.8 kg/100 kg of fresh forage) on the bromatologic composition and IVDMD of elephantgrass silage. Fifteen plastic silos measuring .25 of diameter x .75 of height were used. In the ensiling process the forage received a pressure of 550 kg/m³. The results showed that the percentage of dry matter increased linearly with increasing of coffee hulls. It was estimated an increasing of .54% for each unit of coffee hulls added. The pH value was inferior for silage with coffee hulls. It was estimated a minimum value of 3.78 for the level 26.87% of coffee hulls. The content of CP of the silage without coffee hulls (8.9%) was inferior to (11.1%) found in the fresh forage and silages with coffee hulls. The IVDMD value was reduced according to crescent levels of coffee hulls. It was estimated a decreasing of .14% for each unit of coffee hulls added. It is possible to conclude that the addition of coffee hulls on level of 17.4 kg of coffee hulls/100 kg of fresh forage showed be a good additive for ensiling elephantgrass with high moisture content.

Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com hidróxido de sódio

The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of sugar-cane bagasse containing 60% dry matter submited to increasing sodium hydroxide concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% NaOH on a dry matter basis). NaOH was applied as a 2:1 water:NaOH solution, over different treatment times (1, 3, 5, and 7 days). Plastic pails with 10 L capacity were utilized and stocked in climatic chamber at 25oC constant temperature. The experimental treatments had no effect on the crude protein content of the sugar cane bagasse which averaged 1.6% CP. The dry matter content of the bagasse increased over of the days of treatment, without any effect of the NaOH solution concentration. Mean values for the bagasse neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents declined in response to NAOH solution concentration. NaOH treatment improved the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and sodium content of the bagasse. Time of treatment had no effect on these variables. The treatment of sugar cane bagasse with the NaOH solution improved its nutritive value in terms of its reduced cell wall constituents and increased IVDMD.

Casca de café em dietas de carneiros: consumo e digestibilidade

Four levels of coffee hulls (0.0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25.0% DM) in substitution of ground corn in their concentrate ration were used to evaluate the effects on intake and apparent digestibility of diets. Twenty, unknown breed, sheeps were used in a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replicates. The animals were fed all ad libitum with isoprotein diets, 10% crude protein (CP), contained 60% of coastcross hay and 40% of concentrate in dry matter basis. Sheep were maintained in a metabolism cage for 19 days (12 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection). The intakes of dry matter (1.41), organic matter (1.34), CP (0.15), total carbohydrate (1.17), neutral detergent fiber (0.71) and nonfiber carbohydrate (0.45) and the total digestible nutrients (0.85) kg/day were not affected by the coffee hulls levels. Coffee hulls did not affect apparent digestibility of dry matter (60.1%), organic matter (62.1%), neutral detergent fiber (46.9%), CP (66.3%), total carbohydrate (61.5%) and nonfiber carbohydrate (84.1%). Coffee hulls can be included up to 25% in the concentrate ration.

Morphogenesis of tanzaniagrass submitted to fertilization and cut intensities

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different fertilization and cutting intensity combinations on morphogenic and productive characteristics of Panicum maximum Jaccq., cv. Tanzania in pots. Leaf appearance rate (LAR) and phyllochron were not influenced by cutting intensities. Plants fertilized with N, however, produced greater LAR and phyllochron, with 0.21, 0.20, and 0.19 leaf/day and 4.67, 5.03, and 5.43 day/leaf for N and K (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK) combinations, respectively. There was a significant interaction between fertilization and cutting intensity for leaf elongation rate, leaf final length, and pseudostem length, with higher elongation and lengths observed in fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen. Only fertilization influenced the number of green leaves, senescent leaves, and dead leaves; nitrogen fertilizer combinations provided greater increase when compared to treatments without potassium e phosphorus (KP) fertilization. Tiller number was only influenced by fertilization, with greater response observed for N+P combination compared to other treatments. All the studied variables were influenced by fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen, corroborating the relevance of N fertilization to forage biomass accumulation.