Silvio C. Sampaio

Deslocamento miscível de nitrato e fosfato proveniente de água residuária da suinocultura em colunas de solo

Fertigation with wastewater from swine is very much used, mainly in the southern region of Brazil. However, the high polluting potential of these wastewaters represents a threat of soil contamination of surface and underground waters if used in excessive amounts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching process of nitrate and phosphate ions in soil columns, getting the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and factor of retardation and potential of contamination of underground water. The effect of wastewater application on physical and chemical properties of the soil was verified. The results showed that the potential for contamination of underground water by nitrate ions is high, in contrast to what occurs with phosphate ions that presented low potential of contamination due to their high reactivity.

Nonpoint source pollution by swine farming wastewater in bean crop

In order to verify the environmental impact of the application of swine farming wastewater in bean crop, an experiment was set up in the Experimental Farm of PUCPR - Toledo, PR, Brazil. Runoff and soil samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Four wastewater treatments were utilized during the experiment (50, 100, 150 and 200 m3 ha-1) and the without wastewater as the control. The results demonstrate that (i) the amounts of potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in runoff are exponential, (ii) that phosphorus has a seven-fold polluting potential compared to potassium and three-fold compared to nitrogen, and (iii) that the mobility of potassium in the soil profile is the largest, followed by those of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Cobre e zinco no material percolado e no solo com a aplicação de água residuaria de suinocultura em solo cultivado com soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar possiveis efeitos da aplicacao de taxas de agua residuaria de suinocultura (ARS), quanto as concentracoes de cobre e zinco, tanto no solo quanto na agua percolada de lisimetros de drenagem, durante o ciclo da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde havia 24 lisimetros de drenagem. Semeou-se soja cultivar CD 202, e foram aplicadas ARS nas seguintes dosagens: 0; 100; 200 e 300 m3 ha-1 no ciclo, combinadas com duas adubacoes na semeadura (com e sem adicao da adubacao recomendada na semeadura), em tres repeticoes por tratamento. Foram feitas seis coletas do material percolado durante o ciclo da cultura e realizadas determinacoes de cobre e zinco. No solo, foram feitas tres coletas em cada parcela experimental, para a determinacao do pH, da materia orgânica, da capacidade de troca cationica, do cobre e do zinco. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial de 4 x 2. Observou-se que o cobre no solo nao apresentou diferencas significativas com a aplicacao de ARS e adubacao, enquanto as concentracoes de zinco no solo foram influenciadas pelas taxas aplicadas de ARS. As transferencias de cobre e de zinco por percolacao foram pouco expressivas.

Reúso de águas residuárias da piscicultura e da suinocultura na irrigação da cultura da alface

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento, a producao e a qualidade sanitaria da cultura da alface irrigada com aguas residuarias originadas da suinocultura e da piscicultura. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 - alface irrigada com agua de origem subterrânea e adubacao suplementar; T2 - alface irrigada com agua residuaria de viveiro de peixes alimentados com racao; T3 - alface irrigada com agua residuaria originaria de lagoa de estabilizacao de dejetos de suinos, e T4 - agua de lagoa de cultivo de algas, alimentada com residuo de biodigestor de dejeto de suino. Os tratamentos nao apresentaram diferencas significativas para altura da alface, diâmetro da cabeca, comprimento da raiz, massa da raiz, massa total da planta, massa fresca e massa seca; os tratamentos T4 e T2 apresentaram os maiores valores para comprimento da maior folha e numero de folhas, respectivamente; em geral, as analises foliares e a extracao de macro e micronutrientes pela cultura nao apresentaram diferencas significativas; ocorreu contaminacao de coliformes fecais e totais em todos os tratamentos; nao ocorreu contaminacao de Escherichia coli em todos os tratamentos; todos os Coeficientes de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) encontrados foram acima de 85%, exceto para o tratamento T3 que foi de 74,05%; ocorreram alteracoes quimicas no solo proporcionais as caracteristicas das aguas utilizadas nos respectivos tratamentos.

Ions leaching in deformed and undeformed soil columns

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a dinâmica da lixiviacao de ions em colunas de solo deformado e indeformado. O solo utilizado era proveniente de area fertirrigada com agua residuaria da suinocultura diluida em 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e cultivada com soja. Foram construidas curvas de eluicao para nitrato, potassio e condutividade eletrica. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nas colunas de solo deformado, e proporcionalmente aos tratamentos, o nitrato apresentou maior mobilidade, seguido pela concentracao de sais totais e do potassio. A metodologia de colunas de solo indeformado nao se mostrou adequada, devido, possivelmente, a compactacao do solo durante a amostragem e a dificuldade no bloqueio de caminhos preferenciais ao longo de toda a coluna.

Textile residue and wastewater from swine culture on the eucalyptus production

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of textile silt, seasoning and irrigation with wastewater from swine activities on the production of Eucalyptus seedlings W, Hill ex Maiden. The treatments were constituted by three factors: chemical manuring (0; 1 and 2 grams of NPK 14-14 by tube), irrigation (water and remaining wastewater from swine) and substratum with five levels of fraction of the textile silt and commercial substratum (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%). Four periods were evaluated during the production (germination, 21 days), (50% shadowing, 40 days), (18% shadowing, 20 days) and (full sun, 9 days) with a total of 90 days of production. The irrigation was performed by aspersion, with 12 mm day-1. The agronomic parameters evaluated were height (H), diameter (D) and the relation height/diameter (H/D) of the plants. The experimental delineation used was entirely casual on a factorial scheme with 39 repetitions per treatment. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the chemical season propitiated effect on the plants heights on the last production periods. The substratum factor presented itself on the negative form when used in 100% of the textile silt. The wastewater from swine culture presented the best results for the samples at diameter and at height. Using the parameter of the Height/Diameter relation to evaluate the samples, the remaining wastewater propitiated an anticipation of 30 days on the eucalyptus production.

Lixiviação de nutrientes em solo cultivado com aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura

This work aimed to evaluate the impacts on leachate from drainage lysimeters receiving application of different rates of pig farming residual water (PRW) during soybean crop cycle. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental field of UNIOESTE. The soil was classified as Rhodic Ferralsols. There were twenty-four drainage lysimeters where soybean cultivar CD 214 was sown. Four PRW rates (0; 100; 200 and 300 m3 ha-1) were applied to the soil seven days before sowing in a single application combined with two fertilizations (with and without recommended dose) during sowing, and three repetitions per treatment. Three leachate collections were carried out in each experimental plot. The first was conducted 40 days after sowing (DAS); the second at 72 DAS, and the third at the end of crop cycle (117 DAS). pH, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and total nitrogen were evaluated. Based on the results, it was possible to observe that pH and Mg values in the leachate did not suffer influence of PRW application and fertilization. K+, P and Ca+2 in the leachate were higher for higher PRW rates.

Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura em solo cultivado com soja: cobre e zinco no material escoado e no solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the diffuse pollution regarding to the copper and to the zinc in the soil and in the runoff material due to the application of swine wastewater (ARS) in soil cultivated with soybean, under simulated rain condition. The experiment was installed in Toledo - PR, Brazil, and it was applied to the soil five rates of ARS (0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 m3 ha-1 in the cycle), in three replications for treatment, divided in six applications along the cycle of the soybean. Gutters were installed gutters to collect the runoff material and it was made six rain simulations during the experiment, resulting in six collections of the runoff. At the end of the soybean cycle, soil samples were collected in each one of the experimental plots, at three depths, for pH determination, cation exchangeable capacity, organic matter, copper and zinc. It was observed that there were copper and zinc losses through runoff and the largest copper concentrations were verified at 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths, while the zinc presented larger concentration in the top layer 0-20 cm and it increased in the other depths.

Movimento de nitrato proveniente de água residuária em colunas de solos

The present work was accomplished seeking the evaluation of the movement of the nitrate (N-NO-3) originated from freezer residual waters in soil columns. For the experiment two soil types were used, one of loamy texture and another of sandy texture, respectively areas from Medianeira and Umuarama, Parana - Brazil. Four columns of PVC, of 500 mm of length and 75 mm of diameter, were mounted and filled out with the soils, with and without limestone (80% CaCO2). In the columns, after saturation with CaCl2 0,01 M, was maintained in the superior part, through flask of Mariotte, a sheet of 100 mm of residual water which allowed a displaced fluid in a total of 2.5 times the total volume of pores (Vp). It was collected for each column a total of 100 samples of the percolated effluent and it was analyzed 20 samples in an interval of each 5 samples. It was analyzed pH values, electric conductivity (CE) and concentrations of nitrate. The results of this study showed an elevation in the rate of nitrate over the initial concentration CO, for all the percolated effluent in the soils, being these values more accentuated for the column of sandy soil with limestone. The limestone addition induced a predisposition lixiviation of the nitrate and also a smaller decrease in the pH of the leached. The sandy soil, independently of the limestone, presented a larger lixiviation of total salts and of nitrate.

Índice de capacidade do processo na avaliação da irrigação por aspersão

Analyzing the irrigation quality, besides evaluating its good operation, is a form of verifying the viability of its implantation and operation. As the distribution uniformity is one of the most used parameters for that evaluation, this work aimed to use techniques of quality engineering, by using the process capacity index (Cpl) to evaluate the uniformity of water distribution in overhead irrigation by sprinkler. The research was carried out at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering, UNIOESTE, with 2 sprinklers Super10 model, NAANDAN, spaced 9m between themselves, during 25 irrigations with 1 h each. The Weather data were collected every 10 min. by a wireless weather station. It was found a medium CUC of 79.72% and a medium wind speed of 1.85 m s-1. It was applied quality control tests, elaborating SHEWHART control charts and it was calculated the process capacity index (Cpl). The obtained results allow us to affirm that the use of the process capacity index becomes a powerful tool to classify overhead irrigations in function of distribution uniformity.