C. Bellaver

Preliminary studies of alternative feed additives for broilers: Alternanthera brasiliana extract, propolis extract and linseed oil

The influence of alternative treatments using fluidextracts of Alternanthera brasiliana, propolis resin and linseed oil on the performance and blood biochemistry of broilers was evaluated. The study was done with five treatments: basal diet (negative control); basal diet + 40 ppm avylamicin and 120 ppm monensin (positive control); basal diet + A. brasiliana extract (180 mL/200 kg of feed); basal diet + propolis extract (200 mL/200 kg of feed) and basal diet + linseed oil (2.5% replacing soybean oil). Propolis and A. brasiliana extracts improved broiler performance from 14 to 21 days, whereas linseed oil had no effect. The findings of this experiment revealed that A. brasiliana and propolis extracts can be used as antimicrobials, but further studies are necessary to find the best concentration in broiler diets.

Substituição de farinhas de origem animal por ingredientes de origem vegetal em dietas para frangos de corte

The demand of some importers due to cultural reasons or to zoonosis that recently emerged in Europe, there has been a trend to manufacture vegetable feeds based on corn and soybean meal (SBM). This influences live production, and therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the response of broilers fed diets containing either meat and bone meal (MBM) and offal meal (OM), or vegetable diets based on corn and SBM. Diets were calculated to supply 3050 and 3150 kcal ME/kg for the starter and grower phase, respectively, as well as to supply the requirements for all the other nutrients. The following treatments were tested: 1. Diet with inclusion of 4% swine MBM and 3% OM, calculated on Ideal Protein basis, containing 22% and 20% CP in the starter and grower phase, respectively; 2. Diet similar to 1, with no inclusion of animal meals, based on corn and SBM (similar CP and Digestible Lysine as to diet 1); 3. Diet similar to 2, but with 23% and 21% CP (Digestible Lysine similar to diet 1); Diet similar to 2, but with 24% and 22% CP (Digestible Lysine 6% and 5% higher than in diet 1). Dry matter content of the litter of birds fed exclusively vegetable ingredients and higher protein levels significantly deceased (P 0.05), but the feet weight was higher (P<0.01) in birds with lower dry matter content in the litter

In vitro solubility of meat and bone meal protein with different pepsin concentrations

In vitro protein digestibility of protein sources has been correlated with in vivo digestibility values. However, factors like protein origin, enzyme used and its concentration, pH and processing have been related with the significance of the correlation between the estimates. To address only the enzyme concentration factor, this paper had the objective of testing pepsin at 0.2, 0.02, 0.002 and 0.0002% using the standard AOAC (1995) procedure. Two meat and bone meals (MBM) with low and high crude protein (CP) content were used to determine the coefficient of solubility of CP in pepsin and HCl (CSCPPEPH). Centrifugation was used to establish the nitrogen (N) in the soluble phase, instead of filtration and analysis of N in the residue. The variance analysis and a non-linear asymptotic model were adjusted. The CSCPPEPH under different pepsin concentrations for the two MBM showed higher solubility discrimination with low pepsin concentration. The level of 0.0002% pepsin is better to predict the CP soluble in MBM. This finding implies the assumption that 0.2% pepsin found in the AOAC is not correct for the purpose of determining the range of solubility in high and low CP content in MBM.

Efeito do peso do suíno em terminação ao início da restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça

This experiment was carried out to determine the best live weight to start the feed restriction (RA) in order to improve the performance and carcass quality of barrows and gilts at the finishing phase, fed with dry feed, in the winter period. Four treatments was compared: T1 - Full fed (AV) until the slaughter time, T2 - AV until 90 kg LW and after that 10% RA; T3 - AV until 75 kg LW and after that 10% RA; T4 - AV until 60 kg LW and after that 10% RA. The study started when animals had 52.58 ± 2.34 kg LW and finished with 119.27 ± 1.99 kg LW, when the animals were slaughtered. The feed restriction started at whatever age reduced the average daily gain (GPD), but feed: gain ratio (F/G) was not improved neither carcass traits of the barrows. In the gilts, RA reduced GPD only in that, which started RA at 60 kg LW and feed: gain was not improved neither carcass traits with RA started at whatever age. Therefore, swine with high potential to lean meat deposition and low feed intake, fed with dry diets, which contain suitable levels of amino acids, do not respond to energy restriction starting between 60 and 90 kg to improve performance and carcass quality.

Estimativas das Exigências de Lisina e de Energia Metabolizável em Frangos de Corte de 1 a 21 dias de Idade, Utilizando-se uma Variável Multivariada Canônica

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of metabolizable lysine (LM) and metabolizable energy (EM) on uni and multivariable of performance and carcasses of broilers, maintaining the ideal protein balance. Were used 2808 male chicks from a commercial line from 1 to 21 days and allotted to 104 pens. The treatments resulted from a factorial arrangement of three ME levels (3,000, 3,100 and 3,200 kcal/kg) and four LM levels (0.92, 1.02, 1.12 and 1.22%) plus another treatment on which amino acids were supplied on total basis. Eight replicates per treatment were installed according to the initial weight. Diets were based in corn and soybean meal plus crystalline amino acids. The studied variables were related with the performance, tissue deposition and the multivariate canonical variable (CAN). The last was created from primary variables such as weight gain, feed intake and protein deposition in carcasses. There was significant effect for LM, ME and the interactions on performance tissue deposition and CAN. By the broken line model, CAN allowed to estimate LM requirement at 1.18% when the diet has 3,000 kcal of ME/kg. In this work, among studied models, the linear was better to estimate the requirement at 1.22 % of LM when diets contained 3,100 or 3,200 kcal ME/kg, not reaching the optimum level, that could be at higher level.

Metabolizable energy and amino acids relationships with the soluble fractions of protein and fiber of vegetable feed ingredients

To estimate nutrient and energy digestion with animal from in vitro variables it is necessary to control factors that may interfere on digestion such as: source and concentration of digestor substance, as well as the origin and processing of test ingredients. In this study there were performed five laboratory assays, two with poultry and finally regression equations were established based on variables generated with twelve vegetable ingredients. The results showed that there is greater solubility of proteins with NaOH than with KOH. On average, both alkali produced better discrimination of soluble protein with concentration of 0.02% (range of 68.61%) in relation to a concentration of 0.2% (range of 37.97%). Considering interaction between alkali and concentration, the best discrimination on protein solubility was reached with NaOH at 0.02%. The methods of protein or fiber solubilization together with the chemical analysis showed significant results variation among ingredients and when they were used to estimate in vivo variables they produced good estimates. It was concluded that reliable digestion estimates for energy or amino acids from vegetable feed ingredients could be obtained from in vitro variables, when considering solubilities of protein and fiber with chemical analysis.

Diet formulation on swine performance, carcass quality, production and composition of swine manure

The efficiency with which animals utilize each ingredient in the diet is related to the way by which information on nutrient composition and digestibility is used. Swine feed formulation based on crude protein may result in an imbalance of aminoacids, which in turn results in the deamination of aminoacids. Nitrogen may be used in the synthesis of new compounds or just excreted through urine, becoming a loss in efficiency and increasing pollution potential. Two studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of types of feed formulation in growing and finishing swine. Growing and finishing diets were: 1) Formulation based on crude protein and total aminoacids, according to NRC; 2) Total lysine (Lys) levels 15% above those of diet 1; 3) Protein levels similar to diet 2, but meeting the ideal protein level; 4) Similar to diet 3 with 15% more digestible Lys. Swine fed diets 2 and 4 showed higher daily weight gain. Backfat, longissimus dorsi area and lean tissue were not affected by treatments. Animals fed diets with higher protein levels showed higher fecal excretion. Animals fed diets with 15% more Lys (diets 2 and 4) showed lower fecal nitrogen excretion without any effect on the excretion of this element through urine.

Determinação da solubilidade protéica de farinhas de subproduto de aves com a pepsina em baixa concentração

It was recently proposed that the in vitro protein solubility is better to classify animal by-product meals (ABP) using pepsin concentration of .0002% than with higher concentrations. However on this concentration no reference value exists to express ABP quality based on protein solubility. The objective of this study was to obtain protein solubility values for poultry by-product meals (PBP), as model to ABP. Two PBP and casein (considered 100% soluble protein) were used as protein sources. All meals were autoclaved at 120oC, during 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes. Concentrations of pepsin on acid HCl 0,0744N were 0.0002 and 0.02%. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design with factorial scheme 3 (sources) x 5 (temperatures) x 2 (concentrations), with four replications for enzyme concentration of 0.0002% and two replications for enzyme at 0.02%. It were determined the in vitro protein solubility values on acid/pepsin solution and the in vivo metabolizable energy of PBP meals. The results indicated that on pepsin concentration of 0.0002%, the values of good quality PBP are over 55%. In the same way, solubility close to 84% could be considered good quality source, but decreasing solubility are considered bad quality with 67% on pepsin at concentration of 0.02%.