Carolina Ruiz Zambon

Variação na qualidade do azeite em cultivares de oliveira

O cultivo de oliveira (Olea europaea L.) no sul de Minas Gerais tem apresentado resultados promissores quanto a producao de frutos. No entanto, ha necessidade de verificar seu valor nutritivo e a qualidade do azeite oriundo dos frutos das cultivares potencialmente produtivas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a composicao centesimal dos frutos, as caracteristicas quimicas e o perfil de acidos graxos dos azeites extraidos de diferentes cultivares de oliveira, com a finalidade de selecionar os materiais com potencial agroindustrial. Foram avaliadas 32 cultivares de oliveira com seis anos de idades quanto a composicao centesimal (teores de umidade, lipideos, proteinas e cinzas, tanto na polpa quanto no caroco dos frutos); composicao quimica e perfil de acidos graxos dos azeites. Observaram-se nas cultivares MGS ASC315, Cerignola, MGS GRAP561 e MGS GRAP575 maiores valores de lipideos. Alem disso, as analises indicaram que o caroco possui quantidades significativas de lipideos, embora sempre inferiores as quantidades presentes na polpa. Os indices de acidez em acido oleico, peroxidos e refracao absoluta estao de acordo com a resolucao da ANVISA, podendo ser inicialmente classificados como azeite de oliva extravirgem ou virgem. De modo geral, todos os acidos graxos presentes nos azeites possuem valores satisfatorios, destacando a cultivar MGS GRAP084, com maior concentracao de acido oleico, principal acido responsavel pelos beneficios a saude.

Estabelecimento de meio de cultura e quantificação da germinação de grãos de pólen de cultivares de marmeleiros

Visando a dar suporte aos trabalhos de melhoramento genetico do marmeleiro (Cydoniaoblonga Mill.), voltados para a selecao de cultivares altamente produtivas, aptas a serem cultivadas em regioes subtropicais e produtoras de doces de qualidade superior, objetivou-se ajustar o meio de cultura basico para a germinacao de graos de polen de diferentes cultivares dessa especie e quantificar o numero de estames, numero de graos de polen por antera e por flor. O polen utilizado foi da cultivar Portugal, obtido de anteras provenientes de flores em estadio de balao. Em seguida, com auxilio de um pincel, os graos de polen foram espalhados sobre a superficie de placas de Petri, contendo 20 mL de meio de cultura, de acordo com os seguintes experimentos: 1) concentracoes de agar (4; 6; 8 e 10 g L-1) e valores de pH (3,5; 4,5; 5,5 e 6,5); 2) concentracoes de sacarose (0; 30; 60 e 90 g L-1); 3) concentracoes de nitrato de calcio (0; 200; 400 e 800 mg L-1); 4) concentracoes de acido borico (0; 400; 800 e 1.200 mg L-1); e 5) tempo de emissao do tubo polinico (0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6 horas apos a inoculacao), os quais foram montados de forma sequencial. Apos, avaliou-se a taxa de germinacao dos graos de polen das 27 cultivares (Alaranjado, Alongado, Apple, BA29, Bereckzy, Champion, Cheldow, Constantinopla, CTS 207, Dangers, De Patras, De Vranja, Dulot, Fuller, Mendoza INTA 37, Kiakami, Lajeado, Meeck Profilic, Meliforme, Pineapple, Portugal, Provence, Radaelli, Reas Mamouth, Smyrna, Van Deman e Zuquerineta), alem do numero de estames, numero de graos de polen por antera e por flor. Realizando-se as leituras da porcentagem de germinacao apos cinco horas de incubacao, conclui-se que o meio de cultura para a germinacao de graos de polen do marmeleiro deve ser acrescido de 68 g L-1 de sacarose e 366 mg L-1 de acido borico, sendo o pH aferido para 5,8 e o meio solidificado com 10 g L-1 de agar. Foram constatadas diferencas entre as cultivares quanto a quantidade de graos de polen e a capacidade germinativa dos mesmos, que variou de 37,83% a 82,23% entre as cultivares. Os graos de polen da cultivar Alaranjado apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinacao, alem da maior quantidade de graos de polen por flor.

Tamanho ótimo de parcela para experimentos com rabanetes

Optimal plot size for experiments with radish The establishment of optimum plot size, in any culture, is one of the ways to increase experimental precision and maximize the information obtained in an experiment. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum size of plots for experiments with radish for the variables mass and root diameter. A test of uniformity was conducted with the planting of radish carried out in lines spaced at 15 cm to 5 cm between plants. The basic unit was defined as a linear segment of three consecutive plants. After 30 days of planting, mass (g) and diameter (mm) of radishes were evaluated. We simulated 35 sizes of plots, estimating mean and coefficient of variation for each size of plot and, using different nonlinear models, we determined the optimum size of plot for assays with radish. It was observed that the methods of modified maximum curvature and targeted linear and quadratic response models estimated different sizes of plot; therefore, in experiments with radish culture, plots with 21 to 63 plants (0.1575 to 0.4745 m²) per plot are recommended.

Enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de cultivares de oliveira

The aim of this study was to evaluate the semi-woody rooting of cuttings from 35 olive cultivars collected at two different times (April and August). The experimental design was the completely randomized in factorial 35x2, with 4 replicates and 25 cuttings per plot. The cuttings were standardized to 12 cm long and 4-6 internodes, with four entire leaves in the apical region. The treatment with hydroalcoholic solution of indolebutyric acid (IBA) at concentration of 3 g L-1 was performed by immersion of 3 cm from the base of the cuttings in the solution, for five seconds. The cutting was planted in sand and placed in greenhouse with intermittent mist. After 70 days, there was a significant variation in rooting among the olive cultivars. The cultivars MGS MANZ215 and MGS TAF390 showed higher rooting capacity. The cuttings collected in April presented higher rooting as compared to those ones collected in August for some of the cultivars evaluated.

Establishment of growth medium and quantification of pollen grains of olive cultivars in Brazil's subtropical areas

Pollen grain germination in vitro indicates viability and consequently provides information related to fruit set. It also assists in the development of hybrids. Along with a suitable species, a standard culture medium is essential for evaluating pollen viability. It should contain a gelling agent consisting of carbohydrates and enhancer elements as well as have the correct pH, temperature, and incubation time. The objective of this study was to optimise the culture medium, determine the pollen germination capacity, and quantify the number of pollen grains per flower of certain olive tree cultivars. A basic sequential culture medium for pollen grain germination was determined, always utilizing the best result from the previous experiment to continue the sequence.The factorial treatment arrangement was: 1) agar versus boric acid; 2) pH versus sucrose; 3) calcium nitrate versus magnesium sulfate. After determining the culture medium components, two experiments were conducted evaluating temperature and incubation time. Another experiment evaluated both the germination percentage and the number of flower pollen grains of 28 cultivars. The culture medium should be composed of 4 g∙L-1 of agar, 90 g∙L-1 of sucrose, and 400 mg∙L-1 of boric acid with a pH adjusted to 5.79 and an incubation time of 60 h at 28 °C. The Manzanilla 215 cultivar had the highest germination rate while Ascolano 315 presented the highest number of pollen grains per flower.

Caracterização agronômica e carpométrica de cultivares de oliveira

Growing olive trees in Brazil is a recent practice, and their productive attributes, as well as available cultivars, are not yet well-known. The agronomic and carpometric characterization of fruits from different cultivars are vital for the improvement of the Brazilian olive growing. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic characterization and carpometry of 35 olive tree cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais (Epamig) experimental farm, in Maria da Fe, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. For the agronomic characterization, a completely randomized design with three replications was used, with one plant per plot, and yield, number of fruits per plant, trunk section and outer crown volume and surface were evaluated. For the carpometric characterization, a completely randomized design with ten replications was used, with one fruit or pit per plot, and length, width, fruits mass and volume and pit, as well as the pulp/pit ratio, were evaluated. The agronomic features of plants differed among cultivars, standing out the Negroa, which reached the highest yield (18.42 kg plant -1 and 7.68 t ha -1 ) and number of fruits (9,399.08); MGS ASC322, with the largest trunk section; MGS MISS293, with the highest outer crown volume and surface; and MGS JB1, which presented the greatest outer crown surface/number of fruits ratio. Concerning carpometry, the MGS GRAP556 cultivar presented the highest sizes for fruit and pit, while ‘MGS GRAP541’ presented the highest pulp/pit ratio.

Storage of pollen and properties of olive stigma for breeding purposes

In order to ensure success in controlled hybridizations in olive tree cultivation, the information on pollen viability and stigma receptivity is essential. The aim was to establish methodologies that increase the preservation of pollen viability and to establish the time to perform crossbreeds in hybridization studies with olive trees. Three experiments were performed with plants from the cultivar Arbequina, in Maria da Fe, MG, Brazil. In the first experiment, the description of the flower events was performed. In the second, anthers were desiccated in eppendorfs, being stored at three different conditions for pollen viability test: room temperature (27 °C), refrigerator (8 °C) and freezer (-10 °C). In order to evaluate the in vitro germination, culture medium for olive pollen grains was used. In this respect, pollen grains were transferred in Petri dish containing culture medium and placed in a BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) chamber at 28 °C for 60 h, being counted. The first evaluation was performed prior to the assembly of the experiment, testing the initial viability, whereas the second occurred 24 h after storage. Subsequently, seven evaluations were performed fortnightly. In the third experiment, the stigma receptivity was verified by the 3% hydrogen peroxide method, with flowers in pre-anthesis, anthesis and post-anthesis, evaluated hourly in the period from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. for three days. In the description of the flower events, it was verified that the olive tree shows diurnal anthesis, with flower opening between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m. The anthers stored in a freezer preserved the viability for 60 days and the stigmas were receptive since the pre-anthesis.

Abnormalities induced by agricultural pesticides in the microsporogenesis of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivars

Abstract The study evaluated the microsporogenesis of olive trees subjected to different agricultural pesticide applications during flowering. Inflorescences of cultivars Arbequina and MGS GRAP541 were subjected to agricultural pesticides: mineral oil, neem oil, dimethoate and deltamethrin. The floral buds were fixed in Carnoy for the microsporogenesis analysis and in Karnovsky for scanning electron microscopy. The slides were prepared by squash technique and staining with propionic carmine. The pollen viability was determined by Alexander’s stain and in vitro germination. Results show that the quantification of abnormalities in meiosis in the two cultivars caused significant effect among the treatments, being that all differed statistically from the control group. Both methods showed a higher percentage of viable pollens in the control treatment and lower percentage of viability with the agricultural pesticides. The method of pollen viability by staining presented the highest averages of viable pollens, but when compared together, both methods presented a strongly related positive linear correlation. It was concluded that the used chemical products increased the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities during microsporogenesis, which interfered in the pollen viability of the two analyzed cultivars. The product deltamethrin caused the strongest effect on meiosis and on pollen viability.

Composição mineral de folhas de Oliveira (Olea europaea L.) em sistema de produção convencional

This study aimed to quantify the mineral composition of olive leaves to diagnose nutritional status of plants grown in conventional system. The experiment was conducted with seven cultivars: Arbequina, MGS Asc 315, MGS Mariense, MGS Grap 541, MGS Grap 561, Grappolo 575 and Leccino, in a randomized block design with four replications and five plants perplot. In May 2010, we collected 60 leaves for each cultivar (12 per plant),whichwere dried and subsequently analyzed. The results advert to the high levels of Cu, a consequence of the excessive use of fungicides based on copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture in the orchards. The high concentration of this element in the leaves can bephytotoxicity to plants and harmful to human health, since the leaves are used popularly as an aid in procedures for weight loss. Thus, we suggest the rational use of fertilizers and pesticides in the cultivation of olive trees to prevent nutritional deficiency or phytotoxicity and, if the research acknowledges the phytotherapic effect of leaves, the adoption of crops in the differentiated system of production, to obtain raw material with good quality and suitable for consumption in natura.