Claudete Regina Alcalde

Evaluation of cassava and its industrial residues in replacement of corn on performance of feedlot heifers

The objective of this work was to study the replacement of corn by cassava hulls, swept cassava meal or cassava scrapings on the average weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and carcass yields of feedlot heifers. Twenty-eight crossbreeding heifers averaging 365 kg LW and 24 months of age were allotted to a randomized blocks design in a 56 days experimental period, with four diets and seven replicates. There was no effect of replacement of corn by cassava products on average weight gain, feed:gain ratio and carcass yields. However, feed intake was smaller in the diets with cassava scrapings and by-product cassava.

Desempenho de novilhas alimentadas com rações contendo milho ou casca de mandioca como fonte energética e farelo de algodão ou levedura como fonte protéica

ABSTRACT - The effect of the combination of energy sources (corn or cassava hull) and protein sources (cottonseed meal or yeast + meat and bone meal) in four diets, using corn silage as forage source, on the performance and intake of DM, CP, OM, ME, ADF, NDF, starch, Ca and P, using heifers. The effect of the addition salt or mineralized salt was also evaluated. A total of 28 heifers with average 303 kg LW and 18 months of age, confined during 76 days, was used. There were differences on nutrients intake among diets, however, there was no effect of the sources of energy, protein and salt on the average daily gain, carcass yield and feed:gain ratio. Therefore, yeast could substitute cottonseed meal as protein source, so as cassava hull could replace corn as energy source, without affecting the performance of feedlot heifers. The calcium intake by the heifers was higher in the mineralized salt diets as compared to salt diets.

Desempenhos reprodutivo e produtivo de ovelhas Santa Inês suplementadas em diferentes fases da gestação

The reproductive and productive behaviour of Santa Ines ewes were evaluated as a function of supplementation in different stages of pregnancy, where NS = pasture during the day and cassava bagasse during the night over the breeding season and pregnancy, S46 = NS plus supplement (soybean hulls) from the 46th day after the beginning of the breeding season until the birth and S100 = NS plus supplement (soybean hulls) from the 100th day after the beginning of the breeding season until the birth. Ninety-Four Santa Ines ewes were utilized, mating by five Santa Ines and five Dorset ram. The treatment did not affect ewe weight on the 84 days after the beginning of the supplementation (EW 4), weight of the ewe at the weaning (WEW), pregnancy incidence (0 or 1) at the final third part of it (PREG), birth rate (BIRTH), natality rate (NR) and prolificity (PROLI), being the averages of 49.54 kg; 0.82; 0.71; 0.88 and 1.26 respectively. Ewes supplementation, sex and genetic group of the lamb did not influence the birth weight (LWB), by the age of 30 days (LW30) and by the 60 days (LW60). The averages were, respectively, 3.47 kg; 8.26 kg and 12.42 kg. The type of birth affected the LWB and the LW30. There was no difference for the total weight of the lambs at birth (TWB), total weight of the lambs after 30 days (TW30) and total weight of the lambs after 60 days (TW60) between the treatments, inside each type of birth and among the genetic groups. The supplementation stages of the ewe, the genetic group of the lamb and the type of birth did not influence the death rate, from the birth until the age of 30 and 60 days. The reproductive performance of the supplementeds ewes in the pregnancy period using 0.5% of live weight, with soybean hulls, was not modified.

Substituição do Milho pela Farinha de Mandioca de Varredura em Dietas de Cabras em Lactação: Fermentação Ruminal e Concentrações de Uréia Plasmática e no Leite

The objectives of this work were to evaluate effects of replacing corn by cassava by-product meal, in diets of Saanen lactating goats, on potencial, effective and corrected effective degradability of diets with steers, and on ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations in lactating goats. Two steers and four multiparous goats fitted with ruminal cannula and 100 days in milking were used. The design was a 4 x 4 Latin square and treatments as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava by-product meal. Rations degradability was determined using in situ technique. Potential degradability of experimental diets showed small variation for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch (S) but effective and corrected effective degradability increased as corn was replaced by cassava by-product meal. Treatments did not influence ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia, PUN and MUN concentrations. There was a positive correlation (P<0.05; r = 0.9288) between PUN and MUN concentrations, making possible PUN estimation from the equation: PUN (mg/dL) = 0.7672*MUN (mg/dL) + 7.4894. These results permit to conclude that cassava by-product meal can be used in lactating goat diets, as 30% of DM, in total replacing of corn, without problems in ruminal fermentation and protein metabolism.

Levels of triticale in replacement of corn on the performance and apparent digestibility of feedlot Nellore heifers

This work was carried out to study the replacement levels of corn by triticale in feedlot Nellore heifers. Fifty-six Nellore heifers, 18 months of age and with an initial LW 212 kg were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, with four corn replacement levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) by triticale and seven replications. There were no effects of corn replacement levels on the final live weight, average daily gain, intakes of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose (kg/day), feed: gain and carcass yield. Although differences as absolute values have not been registered, the dry matter intake (per 100kg LW) was crescent among 0 to 100% triticale levels. Similar behavior was observed for the gross energy intake (Mcal/kg of DM/day). The apparent digestibility assay, with the use of an internal indicator (acid insoluble ash) and partial feces collection, demonstrated that there were not differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose. According to these results triticale may be used by feedlot heifers as a viable alternative source to replace corn.

Performance of lactating goats fed diets containing inactive dry yeast

Twenty-four Saanen goats (15 multiparous and 9 primiparous) from 21 days prepartum to 200 days in lactation were used to evaluate milk yield and composition. Animals were randomly distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (3 diets × 2 parity orders) and fed a 40:60 forage:concentrate diet composed of soybean meal, soybean meal + dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, plus ground corn, mineral supplement and corn silage. The protein source did not influence the body weight of pre and postpartum goats. Prepartum, postpartum and postpeak dry matter intake (DMI) were not altered by diets. However, goats fed the diet containing dry yeast as protein source had lower DMI in late lactation. Milk yield and feed efficiency were not affected by diets. Milk components, acidity and somatic cell count were not influenced by diets during all lactation phases. However, fat and total solid contents postpartum were higher for primiparous goats and somatic cell count postpeak was lower for multiparous goats. Dry yeast can be used to replace soybean meal in diets for lactating Saanen goats.

Desempenho e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de rações com casca do grão de soja em substituição ao milho para cabras Saanen em lactação e no pré-parto

This experiment was carried out to evaluate productive performance, dry matter and nutrient digestibility, and milk composition of Saanen goats fed rations with soybean hulls (SBH) as a corn ground replacement (0, 50 and 100%SBH), during lactation until prepartum (30 days). Eighteen goats were used (75.70 ± 10.59 kg) in a completely randomized design. The rations presented 14.82% CP and 2.28 Mcal ME/kg DM intake. The animals were confined in individual pens, with daily control of ration intake and milk production. At the 150th lactation day and also 20 th days before kidding, fecal sampling started to be collected to determine ration and nutrient digestibilities. Monthly, milk samples were collected to analyses the main constituents. The levels of SBH did not affect body weight (BW), dry matter (DMI) and organic matter (OMI) intake, dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and crude protein (CPD) digestibility for milk production, milk production efficiency and milk composition during lactation; likewise for BW and digestibilities of DM and OM in prepartum period. The SBH influenced the intakes of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in the two evaluated periods. In prepartum period, the greatest results for DM and OM intakes , digestibility of CP and plasma urea nitrogen were obtained with the level of 100%SBH. Soybean hulls can be used as a corn ground replacement in rations for lactating Saanen goats without changes in productive performance and milk composition.

Performance of dairy goats fed diets with dry yeast from sugar cane as protein source

The effects of inactive dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from sugar cane were studied in 18 primiparus Saanen dairy goats (51.07±1.43) on dry matter intake and digestibility, milk production and quality. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized design during 90 days (from day 60 of milking). Diets were composed of soybean meal; soybean meal + dry yeast; or dry yeast, as protein sources, and ground corn, mineral supplement and corn silage (40%). Animals fed the dry yeast diet showed lower intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber. Diets did not influence milk yield; however the milk production efficiency (kg of milk produced/kg of crude protein ingested) was better in goats fed the dry yeast diet. Acidity, somatic cell counts and milk urea nitrogen values were not affected by treatments. Animals fed the soybean + dry yeast diet had higher fat and total solids than those fed the dry yeast diet. The digestibility of DM, OM and total carbohydrate was lower for soybean only and soybean + dry yeast diets. Total digestible nutrients were higher for dry yeast and soy bean diets than soybean + dry yeast diet. Dry yeast from sugar cane is a good alternative protein source for feeding lactating dairy goats and can be recommended because it maintains the production performance.

Perdas endógenas e coeficientes de absorção aparente e real do magnésio em caprinos

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a absorcao aparente, estimar as perdas endogenas fecais e a absorcao real do Mg e determinar a ingestao ad libitum da agua de beber e a concentracao de Mg no soro sanguineo de caprinos da racas Anglonubiana (AN) e Saanen (SN). Foram usados doze caprinos, seis de cada raca, com 19,8 kg PV medio. Dietas semipurificadas (baixo teor de Mg) a base de quirera de arroz, gluten de milho e celulose foram suplementadas com MgO, para se obterem os niveis de 0,05 (sem supplementacao) 0,20 e 0,35% Mg (%MS). Os niveis de Mg influenciaram os coeficientes de absorcao aparente de Mg e Ca, com valores medios de 57,8; 73,9; e 73,2% para Mg e 55,7; 39,6; e 49,5% para Ca, para dietas com niveis 0,05; 0,20; e 0,35% de Mg, respectivamente. Entretanto, para os coeficientes de absorcao aparente de P, Na e K, nao houve efeito de niveis de Mg na dieta. Os resultados de absorcao real de Mg apresentaram interacao de niveis de Mg e racas. A media para raca NA, no nivel 0,05% Mg, foi de 61,0% e para os niveis 0,20 e 0,35% Mg, 77,2 e 73,2%, respectivamente. Entretanto, para a raca SN, as medias foram 73,3; 75,5; e 76,0%, para os mesmos niveis, sem diferencas. A digestibilidade de materia seca, proteina bruta e extrato nao-nitrogenado diminuiu com os niveis crescentes de Mg nas dietas. As excrecoes fecais (7,0; 20,8; e 34,4 mg/kg PV0,75.d) e urinarias (3,9; 30,8; e 44,6 mg/kg PV0,75.d) de Mg elevaram-se com o aumento dos niveis crescentes de Mg nas dietas. Houve, tambem, influencia dos niveis de Mg dietetico sobre as concentracoes de Mg do soro sanguineo (1,74; 2,23; e 2,80 mg/dL para niveis de 0,05; 0,20; e 0,35% de Mg, respectivamente).

Shelf life of meat from Boer-Saanen goats fed diets supplemented with vitamin E

This work aims at evaluating shelf life of meat from Boer-Saanen cross goats fed on diets containing vitamin E. Thirty-five feedlot-fed goats with an initial body weight of 21.6±2.8kg were subjected to four treatments in a completely randomized design: a control treatment with vitamin E plus others containing 50, 150, and 450mg dl-α-tocopherol acetate/kg DM. Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle samples were stored at temperatures between 4 and 6°C during 15days, and evaluated for lipid peroxidation using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method and for visual acceptance by consumers by different survival analysis techniques. The addition, vitamin E in diets influenced shelf life of LL muscle, indicating longer meat preservation as the levels of the vitamin in diet increased, as the results obtained in chemical and subjective visual assessments showed. TBARS analysis showed to be more accurate in predicting shelf life of meat than subjective visual assessment by consumers, which reached a saturation threshold of 2mg malonaldehyde/kg of meat earlier at all tested levels of vitamin E inclusion.